Evolution of Legislation and Crimes Based on Sexual Identity or Orientation in Spain: A Retrospective Observational Study (2011–2021)

Laura Ruiz-Azcona, Amada Pellico-López, Jimena B. Manjón-Rodríguez, Mar Sánchez Movellán, Purificación Ajo Bolado, José García-Vázquez, Ildefonso Hernández-Aguado, Joaquín Cayón- De las Cuevas and María Paz-Zulueta
Additional contact information
Laura Ruiz-Azcona: Global Health Research Group, Departamento de Enfermería, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda, Valdecilla s/n, 39008 Santander, Spain
Amada Pellico-López: Departamento de Enfermería, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda, Valdecilla s/n, 39008 Santander, Spain
Jimena B. Manjón-Rodríguez: Hospital Comarcal de Laredo, Avda, Derechos Humanos s/n, 39770 Laredo, Spain
Mar Sánchez Movellán: Sección de Programas de Salud de la Mujer, Dirección General de Salud Pública, Consejería de Sanidad, Gobierno de Cantabria, C/Federico Vial 13, 39009 Santander, Spain
Purificación Ajo Bolado: Sección de Programas de Salud de la Mujer, Dirección General de Salud Pública, Consejería de Sanidad, Gobierno de Cantabria, C/Federico Vial 13, 39009 Santander, Spain
José García-Vázquez: Consejería de Salud de Asturias, C/Ciriaco Miguel Vigil 9, 33005 Oviedo, Spain
Ildefonso Hernández-Aguado: Department of Public Health, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03550 Alicante, Spain
Joaquín Cayón- De las Cuevas: Departamento de Derecho Privado, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda de los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain
María Paz-Zulueta: Departamento de Enfermería, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda, Valdecilla s/n, 39008 Santander, Spain

IJERPH, 2022, vol. 19, issue 2, 1-13

Abstract: Respect for different sexual options and orientations prevents the occurrence of hate crimes against lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and intersex (LGTBI) persons for this reason. Our aim was to review the legislation that protects the rights of LGTBI people and to quantify the victimization rates of hate crimes based on sexual identity and orientation. A retrospective observational study was conducted across all regions of Spain from 2011–2021. The laws on LGTBI rights in each region were identified. Hate crime victimization data on sexual identity and orientation were collected in annual rates per 100,000 inhabitants, annual percentage change and average change during the study period to assess the trend. The regulatory development of laws against discrimination against LGTBI individuals is heterogeneous across regions. Overall, in Spain there is an upward trend in the number of hate crime victimizations motivated by sexual identity or orientation. The effectiveness of data collection, thanks to better training and awareness of police forces regarding hate crimes and the processes of data cleansing and consolidation contributes to a greater visibility of hate crimes against LGTBI people.

Keywords: public health law; civil rights; sexual health; sexual and gender minorities; hate (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
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