Efficacy of Breast Milk Olfactory and Gustatory Interventions on Neonates’ Biobehavioral Responses to Pain during Heel Prick Procedures

Chiao-Hsuan Lin, Jen-Jiuan Liaw, Yu-Ting Chen, Ti Yin, Luke Yang and Hsiang-Yun Lan
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Chiao-Hsuan Lin: Department of Nursing, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
Jen-Jiuan Liaw: School of Nursing, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
Yu-Ting Chen: Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
Ti Yin: Department of Nursing, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
Luke Yang: Department of Social Work, Hsuan Chuang University, Taipei 30092, Taiwan
Hsiang-Yun Lan: School of Nursing, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan

IJERPH, 2022, vol. 19, issue 3, 1-15

Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of breast milk odor either alone or in combination with breast milk taste (via syringe-feeding) to alleviate neonates’ biobehavioral responses to pain during heel-prick procedures. This prospective randomized controlled trial recruited 114 neonates by convenience sampling from a newborn unit of a medical center in Taiwan. Neonates were randomly assigned to three groups: control (gentle touch + human voice), control + breast milk odor, and control + breast milk odor + breast milk taste. Heart rate, oxygen saturation, and voice recordings of crying were measured across heel-prick procedures: baseline, no stimuli (stage 0); during heel prick (Stages 1–4); and recovery (Stages 5–10). Generalized estimating equations and Kaplan–Meier survival analysis compared differences in changes between groups for heart rate, oxygen saturation, and time to crying cessation. Changes in mean heart rate and oxygen saturation in neonates receiving breast milk odor or breast milk odor + breast milk taste were significantly less than those at the corresponding stage for the control group. Among neonates receiving breast milk odor or breast milk odor + breast milk taste, hazard rate ratios for crying cessation were 3.016 and 6.466, respectively. Mother’s breast milk olfactory and gustatory interventions could stabilize the biobehavioral responses to pain during heel prick procedures in neonates.

Keywords: breast milk odor and taste; olfactory and gustatory interventions; neonates; pain; biobehavioral response; syringe feeding; heel prick (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
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