A Sports Nutrition Perspective on the Impacts of Hypoxic High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on Appetite Regulatory Mechanisms: A Narrative Review of the Current Evidence

Chung-Yu Chen, Chun-Chung Chou, Ke-Xun Lin, Toby Mündel, Mu-Tsung Chen, Yi-Hung Liao and Shiow-Chwen Tsai
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Chung-Yu Chen: Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei City 111, Taiwan
Chun-Chung Chou: Physical Education Office, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei City 106, Taiwan
Ke-Xun Lin: Department of Exercise and Health Science, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei City 112, Taiwan
Toby Mündel: School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
Mu-Tsung Chen: Department of Food and Beverage Management, Shih Chien University, Taipei City 104, Taiwan
Yi-Hung Liao: Department of Exercise and Health Science, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei City 112, Taiwan
Shiow-Chwen Tsai: Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei City 111, Taiwan

IJERPH, 2022, vol. 19, issue 3, 1-23

Abstract: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) and low-oxygen exposure may inhibit the secretion of appetite-stimulating hormones, suppress appetite, and inhibit dietary intake. Physiological changes affecting appetite are frequent and include appetite hormone (ghrelin, leptin, PYY, and GLP-1) effects and the subjective loss of appetite, resulting in nutritional deficiencies. This paper is a narrative review of the literature to verify the HIIT effect on appetite regulation mechanisms and discusses the possible relationship between appetite effects and the need for high-intensity exercise training in a hypoxic environment. We searched MEDLINE/PubMed and the Web of Science databases, as well as English articles (gray literature by Google Scholar for English articles) through Google Scholar, and the searched studies primarily focused on the acute effects of exercise and hypoxic environmental factors on appetite, related hormones, and energy intake. In a general normoxic environment, regular exercise habits may have accustomed the athlete to intense training and, therefore, no changes occurred in their subjective appetite, but there is a significant effect on the appetite hormones. The higher the exercise intensity and the longer the duration, the more likely exercise is to cause exercise-induced appetite loss and changes in appetite hormones. It has not been clear whether performing HIIT in a hypoxic environment may interfere with the exerciser’s diet or the nutritional supplement intake as it suppresses appetite, which, in turn, affects and interferes with the recovery efficiency after exercise. Although appetite-regulatory hormones, the subjective appetite, and energy intake may be affected by exercise, such as hypoxia or hypoxic exercise, we believe that energy intake should be the main observable indicator in future studies on environmental and exercise interventions.

Keywords: ghrelin; leptin; PYY; GLP-1; high altitude (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
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