Increased Urinary Cadmium Levels in Foreign-Born Asian Women—An NHANES Study of 9639 U.S. Participants

Anthony Milki, Deanna Wong, Chloe Chan, Sarita Sooklal, Daniel S. Kapp and Amandeep K. Mann
Additional contact information
Anthony Milki: School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
Deanna Wong: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
Chloe Chan: California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94109, USA
Sarita Sooklal: Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
Daniel S. Kapp: Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
Amandeep K. Mann: Palo Alto Medical Foundation Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA 94301, USA

IJERPH, 2022, vol. 19, issue 4, 1-10

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the disparities and trends in demographics, social behaviors, and occupations for cadmium exposure in the U.S. Data were obtained from the NHANES database from 2007 to 2016. Analysis of variance tests were used to compare the association of the geometric mean values of urinary cadmium levels and various demographic and behavioral characteristics. We also conducted multivariable logistic regression while adjusting for these factors to determine the risk of toxic urinary cadmium levels (≥2 µg/g) across various patient characteristics. Of the 9639 participants, 52.8% were ≥45 years old, 51.7% female, and 48.3% male. White, Black, Mexican American, other Hispanic, and Asian comprised 66.4%, 11.5%, 8.7%, 5.8%, and 5.5%, respectively. Over 82% of participants were U.S. born. A total of 19.6% were current smokers. On multivariate analysis, older age (OR: 8.87), current smoking (OR = 5.74), Asian race (OR = 4.52), female sex (OR = 4.32), and foreign nativity (OR = 1.83) were significantly associated with higher cadmium levels. Older, Asian, foreign-born females showed a measurement of 0.69 μg/g, a value more than three-fold the sample population’s mean of 0.20 μg/g. A trend analysis demonstrated a cadmium level decrease over time (OR = 0.47). Asians had the highest urinary cadmium levels, especially older, foreign-born females. Smoking and poverty were also associated with significant elevations in cadmium levels.

Keywords: environmental toxins; cadmium; social determinants of health; racial disparities; occupational health; environmental exposure; women’s health (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations:

Downloads: (external link)
https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/4/2170/pdf (application/pdf)
https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/4/2170/ (text/html)

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:4:p:2170-:d:749600

Access Statistics for this article

IJERPH is currently edited by Ms. Jenna Liu

More articles in IJERPH from MDPI
Bibliographic data for series maintained by MDPI Indexing Manager ().