Association of the Unstimulated Whole Salivary Cytokine IL-1β Levels with Initial, Moderate and Severe Periodontitis. A Case Control Study

Muhammad M. Majeed, Imtiaz Ahmed, Talat Roome, Yasser Alali, Khulud A. Al-Aali, Naseer Ahmed, Zohra Saleem, Abdulkareem A. Alhumaidan, Waqas A. Farooqui, Saeeda Ahmed, Fahim Vohra and Tariq Abduljabbar
Additional contact information
Muhammad M. Majeed: Department of Oral Biology, Altamash Institute of Dental Medicine, Karachi 75500, Pakistan
Imtiaz Ahmed: Department of Orthodontics, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
Talat Roome: Section of Molecular Pathology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
Yasser Alali: Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
Khulud A. Al-Aali: Department of Clinical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
Naseer Ahmed: Department of Prosthodontics, Altamash Institute of Dental Medicine, Karachi 75500, Pakistan
Zohra Saleem: Deprtment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
Abdulkareem A. Alhumaidan: Preventive Dental Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
Waqas A. Farooqui: School of Public Health, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
Saeeda Ahmed: Department of Public Health, Baqai Mecial University, Karachi 75340, Pakistan
Fahim Vohra: Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
Tariq Abduljabbar: Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia

IJERPH, 2022, vol. 19, issue 5, 1-9

Abstract: Periodontitis (P) is a highly prevalent inflammatory disease of the oral cavity. The objective of the study was to evaluate the stages of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β in initial, moderate and severe periodontitis. One hundred and twenty two patients were included in the study. Periodontitis subjects had at least 20 natural teeth and ≥8 sites with pocket depths of >4 mm and clinical attachment loss (CAL). A questionnaire was used with respect to the socio demographic parameters which included age, gender, ethnicity, education, marital, residence and occupation. To categorize the severity of the disease, teeth were assessed for, Plaque index (PI), Bleeding on probing (BOP), CAL, missing tooth, tooth mobility and bone loss. Unstimulated whole saliva (UWS) was collected and Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) cytokine levels were analyzed using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay with microplate reader at 450 nm. Clinical parameters and salivary cytokine concentrations were assessed using one-way analysis of variance, whereas a correlation of cases with gender and severity of periodontitis was evaluated using chi-square test. Fifty-nine patients were healthy controls and 63 were periodontitis patients Thirty two percent ( n = 20) had initial periodontitis, 40% ( n = 25) suffered from moderate and 29% ( n = 18) had severe periodontitis. Periodontitis subgroups were significantly different with regards to age and gender ( p < 0.001). The mean PPD and CAL among the periodontitis patients (PPD, 3.52 ± 1.25 mm; CAL, 4.04 ± 1.64 mm) were significantly compromised ( p < 0.05) compared to healthy controls (PPD, 1.52 ± 0.73 mm; CAL, 0.08 ± 0.28 mm). Increased levels of IL-1β were associated with high CAL and PPD findings. UWS IL-1β levels were higher in periodontitis patients compared to healthy individuals. In addition, cases of severe periodontitis showed significantly higher UWS IL-1β levels compared to initial and moderate periodontitis patients. Comparative levels of salivary IL-1β can be potentially used as a diagnostic tool for periodontitis identification and disease progression along with clinical parameters.

Keywords: periodontitis; initial; moderate; severe; interleukin; inflammation; disease (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
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