Prevalence and Predictors of Osteoporosis and Osteopenia in Postmenopausal Women of Punjab, India

Rubanpal Khinda, Srishti Valecha, Nitin Kumar, J. P. S. Walia, Kuldeep Singh, Sudhir Sethi, Avtar Singh, Monica Singh, Puneetpal Singh and Sarabjit Mastana
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Rubanpal Khinda: Department of Human Genetics, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, Punjab, India
Srishti Valecha: Department of Human Genetics, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, Punjab, India
Nitin Kumar: Department of Human Genetics, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, Punjab, India
J. P. S. Walia: Department of Orthopedics, Aggarsain Charitable Hospital, Patiala 147002, Punjab, India
Kuldeep Singh: Department of Orthopedics, Government Medical College and Hospital, Patiala 147002, Punjab, India
Sudhir Sethi: Department of Orthopedics, Mata Kaushalya Hospital, Patiala 147002, Punjab, India
Avtar Singh: Department of Orthopedics, Amandeep Hospital, Amritsar 143001, Punjab, India
Monica Singh: Department of Human Genetics, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, Punjab, India
Puneetpal Singh: Department of Human Genetics, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, Punjab, India
Sarabjit Mastana: Human Genomics Lab, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK

IJERPH, 2022, vol. 19, issue 5, 1-9

Abstract: The prevalence and predictors of osteoporosis and osteopenia remain to be examined in the postmenopausal women of Punjab, India. The present cross-sectional study screened 1628 postmenopausal women during September 2019 to March 2020. Osteoporosis and osteopenia were confirmed on the basis of T-scores using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at the hip (femoral neck) and lumbar spine regions (L1–L4 vertebrae). The prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia was observed to be 30.50% and 44.20%, respectively, in postmenopausal women of Punjab. In univariable and multivariable regression analysis, variables independently influencing the risk of osteoporosis and osteopenia were: higher systolic blood pressure (95%CI: 1.22–3.11 & 1.08–2.49), triglyceride levels (95%CI: 1.21–3.10 & 1.42–2.51), poor sleep quality (95%CI: 1.91–2.47 & 1.76–3.47) and C-reactive protein levels (95%CI: 2.18–3.56 & 1.03–2.18). Years since menopause >10 years was observed to be an independent predictor for the risk of osteopenia but not for osteoporosis. Higher body mass index (>30 kg·m −2 ) was observed to be a significant protective factor against the risk of osteoporosis (95%CI: 0.26–0.68) and osteopenia (95%CI: 0.19–0.52). The higher prevalence rates of osteoporosis and osteopenia in postmenopausal women of Punjab are alarming, which solicits awareness and earlier testing of those women who are approaching menopause.

Keywords: prevalence of osteoporosis; osteopenia; independent predictors; postmenopausal women (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
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