Mixed Effect of Alcohol, Smoking, and Smokeless Tobacco Use on Hypertension among Adult Population in India: A Nationally Representative Cross-Sectional Study

Prashant Kumar Singh, Ritam Dubey, Lucky Singh, Nishikant Singh, Chandan Kumar, Shekhar Kashyap, Sankaran Venkata Subramanian and Shalini Singh
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Prashant Kumar Singh: Division of Preventive Oncology & Population Health, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida 201301, India
Ritam Dubey: Division of Preventive Oncology & Population Health, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida 201301, India
Lucky Singh: ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi 110029, India
Nishikant Singh: Division of Preventive Oncology & Population Health, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida 201301, India
Chandan Kumar: Department of Policy and Management Studies, TERI School of Advanced Studies, New Delhi 110070, India
Shekhar Kashyap: Department of Cardiology, Army Research & Referral Hospital, New Delhi 110010, India
Sankaran Venkata Subramanian: Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Shalini Singh: WHO FCTC Knowledge Hub on Smokeless Tobacco, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida 201301, India

IJERPH, 2022, vol. 19, issue 6, 1-14

Abstract: Sporadic evidence is available on the association of consuming multiple substances with the risk of hypertension among adults in India where there is a substantial rise in cases. This study assesses the mutually exclusive and mixed consumption patterns of alcohol, tobacco smoking and smokeless tobacco use and their association with hypertension among the adult population in India. Nationally representative samples of men and women drawn from the National Family and Health Survey (2015–2016) were analyzed. A clinical blood pressure measurement above 140 mmHg (systolic blood pressure) and 90 mmHg (diastolic blood pressure) was considered in the study as hypertension. Association between mutually exclusive categories of alcohol, tobacco smoking and smokeless tobacco and hypertension were examined using multivariate binary logistic regression models. Daily consumption of alcohol among male smokeless tobacco users had the highest likelihood to be hypertensive (OR: 2.32, 95% CI: 1.99–2.71) compared to the no-substance-users. Women who smoked, and those who used any smokeless tobacco with a daily intake of alcohol had 71% (OR: 1.71, 95% CI: 1.14–2.56) and 51% (OR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.25–1.82) higher probability of being hypertensive compared to the no-substance-users, respectively. In order to curb the burden of hypertension among the population, there is a need for an integrated and more focused intervention addressing the consumption behavior of alcohol and tobacco.

Keywords: hypertension; alcohol; smokeless tobacco; smoking; India (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
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