COVID-19 Medical and Pharmacological Management in the European Countries Compared to Italy: An Overview

Sergio Pandolfi, Luigi Valdenassi, Geir Bjørklund, Salvatore Chirumbolo, Roman Lysiuk, Larysa Lenchyk, Monica Daniela Doşa and Serafino Fazio
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Sergio Pandolfi: High School Master of Oxygen-Ozone Therapy, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
Luigi Valdenassi: High School Master of Oxygen-Ozone Therapy, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
Geir Bjørklund: Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), 8610 Mo i Rana, Norway
Salvatore Chirumbolo: Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), 8610 Mo i Rana, Norway
Roman Lysiuk: Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, 79010 Lviv, Ukraine
Larysa Lenchyk: Department of Standardization Kharkiv, National University of Pharmacy, 61002 Kharkiv, Ukraine
Monica Daniela Doşa: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ovidius University, 900527 Constanța, Romania
Serafino Fazio: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy

IJERPH, 2022, vol. 19, issue 7, 1-22

Abstract: (1) Background: Italy accounts for more than 150,000 deaths due to the COVID-19 pandemic, leading the top rank in SARS-CoV-2-caused deceases in Europe. A survey on the different ways by which the COVID-19 pandemic emergency was managed in the foreign European countries compared to Italy is the purpose of this paper. (2) Methods: A literature search and various mathematical algorithms to approach a rank scoring scale were used to describe in detail the different approaches used by European countries to manage the COVID-19 pandemic emergency. (3) Results: The study showed that Italy stands at the bottom ranking for COVID-19 management due to its high mortality rate. Possible causes of the observed huge numbers of hospitalization and deaths were (a) the demographic composition of the European country; (b) its decentralized healthcare system organization; (c) the role of correct pharmacology in the early stages before hospitalization. Post-mortem examinations were of paramount importance to elucidate the etiopathogenesis of COVID-19 and to tailor a suitable and proper therapy in the early symptomatic stages of COVID-19, preventing hospitalization. (4) Conclusions: Factors such as the significant impact on elderly people, the public health organization prevalently state-owned and represented mainly by hospitals, and criticism of the home therapy approach toward SARS-CoV-2-infected people, may have concurred in increasing the number of COVID-19 deaths in Italy.

Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology; paracetamol; deaths rate; healthcare system (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
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