Human Health Risk Assessment from Lead Exposure through Consumption of Raw Cow Milk from Free-Range Cattle Reared in the Vicinity of a Lead–Zinc Mine in Kabwe

Golden Zyambo, John Yabe, Kaampwe Muzandu, Ethel M’kandawire, Kennedy Choongo, Andrew Kataba, Kenneth Chawinga, Allan Liazambi, Shouta M. M Nakayama, Hokuto Nakata and Mayumi Ishizuka
Additional contact information
Golden Zyambo: School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
John Yabe: School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
Kaampwe Muzandu: School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
Ethel M’kandawire: School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
Kennedy Choongo: School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
Andrew Kataba: School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
Kenneth Chawinga: Central Province Veterinary Office, 53 Pauling Street, Kabwe P.O. Box 80285, Zambia
Allan Liazambi: Central Province Veterinary Office, 53 Pauling Street, Kabwe P.O. Box 80285, Zambia
Shouta M. M Nakayama: School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
Hokuto Nakata: Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
Mayumi Ishizuka: Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan

IJERPH, 2022, vol. 19, issue 8, 1-16

Abstract: Lead (Pb) contamination in the environment affects both humans and animals. Chronic exposure to Pb via dietary intake of animal products such as milk from contaminated areas poses a health risk to consumers; therefore, the present study investigated Pb contamination in cow milk and its health risk impact on humans through consumption of milk from cattle reared in the proximity of a Pb–Zn mine in Kabwe, Zambia. Fresh milk samples were collected from cows from Kang’omba (KN), Kafulamse (KF), Mpima (MP), Mukobeko (MK), and Munga (MN) farming areas. Pb determination was performed using Graphite Flame Absorption Atomic Spectrophotometry (GFAAS). Cow milk Pb levels showed different concentration patterns according to season, distance, and location of the farms from the Pb–Zn mine. The overall mean Pb levels were ranged 0.60–2.22 µg/kg and 0.50–4.24 µg/kg in the wet and dry seasons, respectively. The mean Pb concentration, chronic daily intake (CDIs), target hazard quotients (THQs), and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) results obtained were all within the permissible limits of 20 µg/kg, 3 and 12.5 µg/kg-BW/day, <1 and 10 −4 to10 −6 , respectively. In conclusion, although Pb was detected in milk from cows reared in Kabwe, the health risk effects of Pb exposure associated with the consumption of milk in both adults and children were negligible.

Keywords: human health risk; milk; lead; food safety; ingestion (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
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