COVID-19 Lockdown in Israel: The Environmental Effect on Ultrafine Particle Content in the Airway

Einat Fireman Klein, Yotam Elimeleh, Yochai Adir, Lana Majdoub, Michal Shteinberg and Aharon Kessel
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Einat Fireman Klein: Pulmonary Division, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa 3436212, Israel
Yotam Elimeleh: Department of Internal Medicine B, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa 3339419, Israel
Yochai Adir: Pulmonary Division, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa 3436212, Israel
Lana Majdoub: Pulmonary Division, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa 3436212, Israel
Michal Shteinberg: Pulmonary Division, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa 3436212, Israel
Aharon Kessel: The Technion-Institute of Technology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Haifa 3525422, Israel

IJERPH, 2022, vol. 19, issue 9, 1-11

Abstract: Inhaled ultrafine particle (UFP) content in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) was observed as an airway inflammatory marker and an indicator of exposure to particulate matter (PM). The exceptional decline in air pollution during the COVID-19 lockdown was an opportunity to evaluate the effect of environmental changes on UFP airway content. We collected EBC samples from 30 healthy subjects during the first lockdown due to COVID-19 in Israel (March–April 2020) and compared them to EBC samples retrieved during April–June 2016 from 25 other healthy subjects (controls) living in the same northern Israeli district. All participants underwent EBC collection and blood sampling. Ambient air pollutant levels were collected from the Israeli Ministry of Environmental Protection’s online database. Data were acquired from the monitoring station closest to each subject’s home address, and means were calculated for a duration of 1 month preceding EBC collection. UFP contents were measured in the EBC and blood samples by means of the NanoSight LM20 system. There was a dramatic reduction in NO, NO 2 , SO 2 , and O 3 levels during lockdown compared to a similar period in 2016 (by 61%, 26%, 50%, and 45%, respectively). The specific NO 2 levels were 8.3 ppb for the lockdown group and 11.2 ppb for the controls ( p = 0.01). The lockdown group had higher UFP concentrations in EBC and lower UFP concentrations in serum compared to controls (0.58 × 10 8 /mL and 4.3 × 10 8 /mL vs. 0.43 × 10 8 /mL and 6.7 × 10 8 /mL, p = 0.05 and p = 0.03, respectively). In this observational study, reduced levels of air pollution during the COVID-19 lockdown were reflected in increased levels of UFP airway contents. The suggested mechanism is that low airway inflammation levels during lockdown resulted in a decreased UFP translocation to serum. Further studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis.

Keywords: EBC; UFP; lockdown; air pollution; NO 2; COVID-19 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
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