European Epidemiological Patterns of Cannabis- and Substance-Related Congenital Neurological Anomalies: Geospatiotemporal and Causal Inferential Study

Albert Stuart Reece () and Gary Kenneth Hulse
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Albert Stuart Reece: Division of Psychiatry, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
Gary Kenneth Hulse: Division of Psychiatry, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia

IJERPH, 2022, vol. 20, issue 1, 1-35

Abstract: Introduction. Of the many congenital anomalies (CAs) recently linked with community cannabis exposure, arguably the most concerning are neurological CAs (NCAs). We therefore conducted a detailed study of this in fourteen European nations. Methods. Congenital anomaly data were from Eurocat. Drug exposure data were from European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Income from World bank. Results. The Netherlands, Spain, France and Bulgaria reported increasing rates of many NCAs. The NCA rate (NCAR) was higher in nations with increasing daily cannabis use when compared to those without ( p = 0.0204, minimum E-value (mEV) = 1.35). At bivariate analysis, the mEVs of the following NCAs were significantly cannabis related: severe microcephaly 2.14 × 10 13 , craniosynostosis 5.27 × 10 11 , nervous system 4.87 × 10 11 , eye 2.73 × 10 7 , microphthalmos 4.07 × 10 6 , anencephalus 710.37, hydrocephalus 245.64, spina bifida 14.86 and neural tube defects 13.15. At inverse probability, weighted panel regression terms including cannabis were significantly related to the following series of anomalies: nervous system, anencephalus, severe microcephalus, microphthalmos, neural tube defect and spina bifida from p = 5.09 × 10 −8 , <2.2 × 10 −16 , <2.2 × 10 −16 , 4.84 × 10 −11 , <2.2 × 10 −16 and 9.69 × 10 −7 . At geospatial regression, this same series of anomalies had terms including cannabis significant from p = 0.0027, 1.53 × 10 −7 , 3.65 × 10 −6 , 2.13 × 10 −8 , 0.0002 and 9.76 × 10 −12 . 88.0% of 50 E-value estimates and 72.0% of mEVs > 9. This analysis therefore demonstrates both close association of cannabis exposure with multiple NCAs across space-time and also fulfills the quantitative criteria of causal inferential analysis. Conclusions. Nine NCARs on bivariate and six NCARs on multivariable regression were cannabis related and fulfilled quantitative epidemiological criteria for causality and are consistent with other series. Particular concerns relate to exponential dose–response effects demonstrated in the laboratory and epidemiological studies. Great caution with community cannabinoid penetration is warranted. Data indicate that cannabis is a significant environmental teratogen and thus imply that cannabinoids should be regulated similarly to the manner in which all other important genotoxins are carefully controlled by communities for their self-sustaining longevity and the protection of generations yet to come.

Keywords: cannabis; cannabinoid; mutagenesis; genotoxicity; epigenotoxicity; transgenerational inheritance (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (1)

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