Reports of Negative Interactions with Healthcare Providers among Transgender, Nonbinary, and Gender-Expansive People assigned Female at Birth in the United States: Results from an Online, Cross-Sectional Survey

Elizabeth M. Inman (), Juno Obedin-Maliver, Sachiko Ragosta, Jen Hastings, Jasmine Berry, Mitchell R. Lunn, Annesa Flentje, Matthew R. Capriotti, Micah E. Lubensky, Ari Stoeffler, Zubin Dastur and Heidi Moseson
Additional contact information
Elizabeth M. Inman: Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
Juno Obedin-Maliver: The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, 3180 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
Sachiko Ragosta: Ibis Reproductive Health, 1736 Franklin, Oakland, CA 94612, USA
Jen Hastings: Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, 995 Portrero Ave, San Francisco, CA 94410, USA
Jasmine Berry: Ibis Reproductive Health, 1736 Franklin, Oakland, CA 94612, USA
Mitchell R. Lunn: The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, 3180 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
Annesa Flentje: The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, 3180 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
Matthew R. Capriotti: The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, 3180 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
Micah E. Lubensky: The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, 3180 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
Ari Stoeffler: Ibis Reproductive Health, 1736 Franklin, Oakland, CA 94612, USA
Zubin Dastur: The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, 3180 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
Heidi Moseson: Ibis Reproductive Health, 1736 Franklin, Oakland, CA 94612, USA

IJERPH, 2023, vol. 20, issue 11, 1-12

Abstract: Over one million people in the United States are transgender, nonbinary, or gender expansive (TGE). TGE individuals, particularly those who have pursued gender-affirming care, often need to disclose their identities in the process of seeking healthcare. Unfortunately, TGE individuals often report negative experiences with healthcare providers (HCPs). We conducted a cross-sectional online survey of 1684 TGE people assigned female or intersex at birth in the United States to evaluate the quality of their healthcare experiences. Most respondents (70.1%, n = 1180) reported at least one negative interaction with an HCP in the past year, ranging from an unsolicited harmful opinion about gender identity to physical attacks and abuse. In an adjusted logistic regression model, those who had pursued gender-affirming medical care (51.9% of the sample, n = 874) had 8.1 times the odds (95% CI: 4.1–17.1) of reporting any negative interaction with an HCP in the past year, compared to those who had not pursued gender-affirming care, and tended to report a higher number of such negative interactions. These findings suggest that HCPs are failing to create safe, high-quality care interactions for TGE populations. Improving care quality and reducing bias is crucial for improving the health and well-being of TGE people.

Keywords: gender-affirming care; nonbinary; patient care; quality of care; stigma; transgender (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
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