Clinical Challenges in the Management of Malignant Ovarian Germ Cell Tumours

Iqra Saani, Nitish Raj, Raja Sood, Shahbaz Ansari, Haider Abbas Mandviwala, Elisabet Sanchez and Stergios Boussios ()
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Iqra Saani: Department of Medicine, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Windmill Road, Gillingham ME7 5NY, UK
Nitish Raj: Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust, Plymouth PL6 8DH, UK
Raja Sood: Department of Clinical Medical Education, Epsom and St Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust, Epsom KT18 7EG, UK
Shahbaz Ansari: Department of Medicine, Glan Clwyd Hospital, NHS Wales, Denbighshire LL18 5UJ, UK
Haider Abbas Mandviwala: Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ziauddin Medical University, Karachi 75000, Sindh, Pakistan
Elisabet Sanchez: Department of Medical Oncology, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Windmill Road, Gillingham ME7 5NY, UK
Stergios Boussios: Department of Medical Oncology, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Windmill Road, Gillingham ME7 5NY, UK

IJERPH, 2023, vol. 20, issue 12, 1-16

Abstract: Nonepithelial ovarian cancers (NEOC) are a group of rare malignancies, including germ cell tumours (GCT) and sex cord-stromal tumours (SCST), along with small-cell carcinomas and sarcomas. GCTs represent 2–5% of ovarian cancers, with a yearly incidence of 4:100,000, and they usually affect young women and adolescents. Precursory germ cells of the ovary form the basis of GCT. They are histologically classified into primitive GCT, teratomas, and monodermal and somatic-type tumours associated with dermoid cysts. A primitive GCT can be either a yolk sac tumour (YST), dysgerminoma, or mixed germ cell neoplasm. Teratomas are either mature (benign) or immature (malignant). Given that malignant GCTs occur rarely compared to epithelial ovarian tumours (EOC), greater focus is required in their diagnosis and treatment. In this article, we review the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and molecular biology, along with the management and therapeutic challenges.

Keywords: ovarian germ cell tumours; dysgerminomas; yolk sac tumours; treatment; signalling pathways; genome profiling (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
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