Strong Father–Child Relationships and Other Positive Childhood Experiences, Adverse Childhood Experiences, and Sexual Risk Factors for HIV among Young Adults Aged 19–24 Years, Namibia, 2019: A Cross-Sectional Study

Nickolas T. Agathis (), Francis B. Annor, Likang Xu, Elizabeth Swedo, Laura Chiang, Rachel Coomer, Jennifer Hegle, Pragna Patel, Norbert Forster, Gabrielle O’Malley, Alison L. Ensminger, Rahimisa Kamuingona, Helena Andjamba, Brigitte Nshimyimana, Molisa Manyando and Greta M. Massetti
Additional contact information
Nickolas T. Agathis: Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
Francis B. Annor: Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
Likang Xu: Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
Elizabeth Swedo: Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
Laura Chiang: Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
Rachel Coomer: Division of Global HIV and TB, Global Health Center, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Private Bag, Windhoek 12029, Namibia
Jennifer Hegle: Division of Global HIV and TB, Global Health Center, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
Pragna Patel: Division of Global HIV and TB, Global Health Center, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
Norbert Forster: International Training and Education Center for Health, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
Gabrielle O’Malley: International Training and Education Center for Health, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
Alison L. Ensminger: International Training and Education Center for Health, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
Rahimisa Kamuingona: Ministry of Gender Equality, Poverty Eradication, and Social Welfare, Private Bag, Windhoek 13359, Namibia
Helena Andjamba: Ministry of Gender Equality, Poverty Eradication, and Social Welfare, Private Bag, Windhoek 13359, Namibia
Brigitte Nshimyimana: Ministry of Gender Equality, Poverty Eradication, and Social Welfare, Private Bag, Windhoek 13359, Namibia
Molisa Manyando: US Agency for International Development, Washington, DC 20004, USA
Greta M. Massetti: Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA

IJERPH, 2023, vol. 20, issue 14, 1-17

Abstract: Using cross-sectional data from the 2019 Namibia Violence Against Children and Youth Survey and sex-stratified multivariable models, we assessed the associations between four different positive childhood experiences (PCEs) and having ≥3 adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), including ≥3 ACE–PCE interaction terms, and seven sexual risk factors for HIV acquisition among young adults aged 19–24 years. One PCE, having a strong father–child relationship, was inversely associated with two risk factors among women (lifetime transactional sex (OR, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2–0.7) and recent age-disparate sexual relationships (OR, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.2–0.5)), and significantly interacted with having ≥3 ACEs for three risk factors among women (not knowing a partner’s HIV status, infrequently using condoms, and ever having an STI) and one among men (having multiple sexual partners in the past year). The other PCEs were significantly associated with ≤1 HIV risk factor and had no significant interaction terms. Strong father–child relationships may reduce HIV acquisition risk and mitigate the effect of childhood adversity on HIV risk among young adults in Namibia.

Keywords: HIV; sexual health; adolescent and young adult health; adverse childhood experiences; positive childhood experiences; fathers (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
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