Predictors of Phthalate Metabolites Exposure among Healthy Pregnant Women in the United States, 2010–2015

Shabnaz Siddiq (), Autumn M. Clemons, John D. Meeker, Chris Gennings, Virginia Rauh, Susannah Hopkins Leisher, Adana A. M. Llanos, Jasmine A. McDonald, Blair J. Wylie and Pam Factor-Litvak
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Shabnaz Siddiq: Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
Autumn M. Clemons: Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
John D. Meeker: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
Chris Gennings: Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
Virginia Rauh: Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
Susannah Hopkins Leisher: Stillbirth Research Program, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
Adana A. M. Llanos: Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
Jasmine A. McDonald: Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
Blair J. Wylie: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
Pam Factor-Litvak: Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA

IJERPH, 2023, vol. 20, issue 23, 1-27

Abstract: Phthalate use and the concentrations of their metabolites in humans vary by geographic region, race, ethnicity, sex, product use and other factors. Exposure during pregnancy may be associated with detrimental reproductive and developmental outcomes. No studies have evaluated the predictors of exposure to a wide range of phthalate metabolites in a large, diverse population. We examined the determinants of phthalate metabolites in a cohort of racially/ethnically diverse nulliparous pregnant women. We report on urinary metabolites of nine parent phthalates or replacement compounds—Butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP), Diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), Diethyl phthalate (DEP), Diisononyl phthalate (DiNP), D-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP), Di-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate (DEHTP), Di-n/i-butyl phthalate (DnBP), Di-isononyl phthalate (DiNP) and Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) from urine collected up to three times from 953 women enrolled in the Nulliparous Mothers To Be Study. Phthalate metabolites were adjusted for specific gravity. Generalized estimating equations (GEEs) were used to identify the predictors of each metabolite. Overall predictors include age, race and ethnicity, education, BMI and clinical site of care. Women who were Non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic or Asian, obese or had lower levels of education had higher concentrations of selected metabolites. These findings indicate exposure patterns that require policies to reduce exposure in specific subgroups.

Keywords: phthalate metabolites; pregnancy; predictors; urine; environmental epidemiology (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
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