Stigma, Post-traumatic Stress, and COVID-19 Vaccination Intent in Mongolia, India, and the United States

David N. Sattler (), Boldsuren Bishkhorloo, Kendall A. Lawley, Ruth Hackler, Chuluunbileg Byambajav, Michidmaa Munkhbat and Brooklyn Smith-Galeno
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David N. Sattler: Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225-9172, USA
Boldsuren Bishkhorloo: Department of Education and Psychology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 14200, Mongolia
Kendall A. Lawley: Global Center for Integrated Health of Women, Adolescents, and Children, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
Ruth Hackler: Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225-9172, USA
Chuluunbileg Byambajav: Department of Education and Psychology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 14200, Mongolia
Michidmaa Munkhbat: Department of Education and Psychology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 14200, Mongolia
Brooklyn Smith-Galeno: Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225-9172, USA

IJERPH, 2023, vol. 20, issue 3, 1-12

Abstract: Background : Stigma and discrimination during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic have increased precipitously worldwide. This multinational study examines how stigma, blaming groups for virus spread, concern regarding contracting the virus, resource loss, life satisfaction, and protective behaviors that help control the spread of COVID-19 are associated with post-traumatic stress and vaccine intent in Mongolia, India, and the United States. Method : 1429 people in Mongolia, India, and the United States completed measures assessing stigma during the COVID-19 pandemic, post-traumatic stress, blame, protective behaviors, and vaccine intent. Results : Mean post-traumatic stress scores in all three countries exceeded the cut-off that is commonly used to determine probable post-traumatic stress. Post-traumatic stress was associated with COVID-19 stigma experience, personal behavior change due to COVID-19 stigma, blaming groups for the spread of COVID-19, fear of COVID-19, and resource loss. In India and the United States, personal behavior change due to COVID-19 stigma, anger at individuals spreading COVID-19, and perceived susceptibility to illness were positively associated with vaccine intent. Conclusions : Stigma is a collateral stressor during the pandemic. The findings underscore the importance of prompt action to address stigma as a deleterious consequence of the pandemic. The findings illuminate potential barriers to receiving the vaccine and provide direction for future research to address barriers.

Keywords: COVID-19; stigma; post-traumatic stress; vaccination; Mongolia; India; United States (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
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