Freshwater Water-Quality Criteria for Chloride and Guidance for the Revision of the Water-Quality Standard in China

Yajun Hong, Ziwei Zhu, Wei Liao (), Zhenfei Yan, Chenglian Feng () and Dayong Xu
Additional contact information
Yajun Hong: School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China
Ziwei Zhu: Wetland Research Center, Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang 330032, China
Wei Liao: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
Zhenfei Yan: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
Chenglian Feng: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
Dayong Xu: School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China

IJERPH, 2023, vol. 20, issue 4, 1-11

Abstract: The chloride in water frequently exceeds the standard; directly quoting foreign water-quality criteria (WQC) or standards will inevitably reduce the scientific value of the water-quality standard (WQS) in China. Additionally, this may lead to the under- or overprotection of water bodies. This study summarized the sources, distribution, pollution status, and hazards of chloride in China’s water bodies. Additionally, we compared and analyzed the basis for setting WQS limits for chloride in China; we systematically analyzed the basis for setting the WQC for chloride in foreign countries, especially the United States. Finally, we collected and screened data on the toxicity of chloride to aquatic organisms; we also used the species sensitivity distribution (SSD) method to derive the WQC value for chloride, which is 187.5 mg·L −1 . We put forward a recommended value for freshwater WQS for chloride in China: less than 200 mg·L −1 . The study of a freshwater WQC for chloride is not only a key point of environmental research, but also an urgent demand to ensure water ecological protection in China. The results of this study are of great significance for the environmental management of chloride, protection of aquatic organisms, and risk assessment, especially for the revision of WQSs.

Keywords: chloride; water-quality criteria; water-quality standard; species sensitivity distribution (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
References: View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (1)

Downloads: (external link)
https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/20/4/2875/pdf (application/pdf)
https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/20/4/2875/ (text/html)

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:4:p:2875-:d:1059932

Access Statistics for this article

IJERPH is currently edited by Ms. Jenna Liu

More articles in IJERPH from MDPI
Bibliographic data for series maintained by MDPI Indexing Manager ().