Modeling the Dynamics of Children’s Musculoskeletal Fitness

Ana Reyes (), Raquel Chaves, Olga Vasconcelos, Sara Pereira, Go Tani, David Stodden, Donald Hedeker, José Maia and Adam Baxter-Jones
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Ana Reyes: Instituto Superior Manuel Teixeira Gomes (ISMAT), 8500-724 Portimão, Portugal
Raquel Chaves: Academic Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Technology of Paraná, Curitiba 80230-901, Brazil
Olga Vasconcelos: Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
Sara Pereira: Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
Go Tani: School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 13560-970, Brazil
David Stodden: Physical Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
Donald Hedeker: Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
José Maia: Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
Adam Baxter-Jones: College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B5, Canada

IJERPH, 2023, vol. 20, issue 4, 1-10

Abstract: This study models children’s musculoskeletal fitness (MSF) developmental trajectories and identifies individual differences related to effects of time-invariant, as well as time-varying covariates. A total of 348 Portuguese children (177 girls) from six age cohorts were followed for three years. MSF tests (handgrip strength, standing long jump and shuttle run), age, body mass index (BMI), socioeconomic status (SES), gross motor coordination (GMC) and physical activity (PA) were assessed. Data were analyzed using multilevel models. Between 5 and 11 years of age, boys outperformed girls in all three MSF tests ( p < 0.05). Birth weight was positively associated with shuttle run performance ( ? = ?0.18 ± 0.09, p < 0.05). BMI was positively associated with handgrip strength ( ? = 0.35 ± 0.04, p < 0.001) and shuttle run performance ( ? = 0.06 ± 0.01, p < 0.001), but negatively associated with standing long jump performance ( ? = ?0.93 ± 0.23, p < 0.001). GMC was positively associated ( p < 0.001) with all three MSF tests, while PA was associated with standing long jump ( ? = 0.08 ± 0.02, p < 0.05) and shuttle run ( ? = ?0.003 ± 0.002, p < 0.05) performance only. No school environment effects were found, and SES was not related to any MSF tests. Children’s MSF development showed a curvilinear shape with increasing age, with boys outperforming girls. Weight status and physical behavior characteristics predicted MSF development, while environmental variables did not. Examining potential longitudinal predictors of MSF across multiple dimensions is important to gain a more holistic understanding of children’s physical development as well as to future interventions.

Keywords: child; physical fitness; longitudinal; multilevel analysis (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
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