Investigation of the Exposure of Schoolchildren to Ultrafine Particles (PM 0.1 ) during the COVID-19 Pandemic in a Medium-Sized City in Indonesia

Rizki Andre Handika, Worradorn Phairuang, Muhammad Amin, Adyati Pradini Yudison, Febri Juita Anggraini, Mitsuhiko Hata and Masami Furuuchi ()
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Rizki Andre Handika: Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
Worradorn Phairuang: Faculty of Geosciences and Civil Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
Muhammad Amin: Faculty of Geosciences and Civil Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
Adyati Pradini Yudison: Air and Waste Management Research Group, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
Febri Juita Anggraini: Faculty of Science and Technology, Jambi University, Jambi 36364, Indonesia
Mitsuhiko Hata: Faculty of Geosciences and Civil Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
Masami Furuuchi: Faculty of Geosciences and Civil Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan

IJERPH, 2023, vol. 20, issue 4, 1-18

Abstract: The health risk of schoolchildren who were exposed to airborne fine and ultrafine particles (PM 0.1 ) during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Jambi City (a medium-sized city in Sumatra Island), Indonesia was examined. A questionnaire survey was used to collect information on schoolchildren from selected schools and involved information on personal profiles; living conditions; daily activities and health status. Size-segregated ambient particulate matter (PM) in school environments was collected over a period of 24 h on weekdays and the weekend. The personal exposure of PM of eight selected schoolchildren from five schools was evaluated for a 12-h period during the daytime using a personal air sampler for PM 0.1 particles. The schoolchildren spent their time mostly indoors (~88%), while the remaining ~12% was spent in traveling and outdoor activities. The average exposure level was 1.5~7.6 times higher than the outdoor level and it was particularly high for the PM 0.1 fraction (4.8~7.6 times). Cooking was shown to be a key parameter that explains such a large increase in the exposure level. The PM 0.1 had the largest total respiratory deposition doses (RDDs), particularly during light exercise. The high level of PM 0.1 exposure by indoor sources potentially associated with health risks was shown to be important.

Keywords: school environments; personal exposure; ultrafine particles; PM 0.1; questionnaire survey (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
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