Polychlorinated Diphenyl Ethers in the Environment: A Review and Future Perspectives

Qiuxuan Wu, Qiong Wu, Xiaoxiang Wang, Xuesheng Zhang () and Rui Zhang ()
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Qiuxuan Wu: School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
Qiong Wu: School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
Xiaoxiang Wang: Institute for Carbon-Neutral Technology, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China
Xuesheng Zhang: School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
Rui Zhang: School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China

IJERPH, 2023, vol. 20, issue 5, 1-23

Abstract: Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDEs) are a class of synthetic halogenated aromatic compounds, which have gradually attracted widespread attention due to potential environmental risks to humans and ecosystems. This paper presents a literature review of research on PCDEs using PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar as search engines/databases with no constraints on publishing year or number. A total of 98 publications on the sources, environmental levels, environmental behavior and fate, synthesis and analysis and toxicology of PCDEs were retrieved. Existing studies have shown that PCDEs widely exist in the environment with the ability of long-range transport, bioaccumulation and biomagnification, which are almost comparable to polychlorinated biphenyls. They can elicit adverse effects including hepatic oxidative stress, immunosuppression, endocrine disorders, growth retardation, malformations, reduced fertility and increased mortality in organisms, among which some seem to be related to the activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. PCDEs can be metabolized into other organic pollutants, such as hydroxylated and methoxylated PCDEs and even polychlorinated dibenzo- p -dioxins and furans through biotransformation, photolysis and pyrolysis reactions in the environment. Compared with reviews on PCDEs published previously, some new information and findings are summarized in this review, such as new sources, current environmental exposure levels, main metabolism pathways in aquatic organisms, acute toxicity data for more species and relationships between structural parameters and toxicity and bioaccumulation potentials of PCDE congeners. Finally, current research deficiencies and future research perspectives are proposed to facilitate the assessment of health and ecological risks of PCDEs.

Keywords: PCDEs; persistent substances; bioaccumulation; biomagnification; environmental behavior; environmental fate (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
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