The Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Adults with Major Depressive Disorder from Catalonia: A Decentralized Longitudinal Study

Raffaele Lavalle, Elena Condominas, Josep Maria Haro, Iago Giné-Vázquez, Raquel Bailon, Estela Laporta, Ester Garcia, Spyridon Kontaxis, Gemma Riquelme Alacid, Federica Lombardini, Antonio Preti, Maria Teresa Peñarrubia-Maria, Marta Coromina, Belén Arranz, Elisabet Vilella, Elena Rubio-Alacid, Spain Radar-Mdd, Faith Matcham, Femke Lamers, Matthew Hotopf, Brenda W. J. H. Penninx, Peter Annas, Vaibhav Narayan, Sara K. Simblett, Sara Siddi () and the RADAR-CNS Consortium
Additional contact information
Raffaele Lavalle: Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10124 Turin, Italy
Elena Condominas: Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Departament de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08830 Barcelona, Spain
Josep Maria Haro: Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Departament de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08830 Barcelona, Spain
Iago Giné-Vázquez: Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Departament de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08830 Barcelona, Spain
Raquel Bailon: Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
Estela Laporta: Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el área de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
Ester Garcia: Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el área de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
Spyridon Kontaxis: Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
Gemma Riquelme Alacid: Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Departament de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08830 Barcelona, Spain
Federica Lombardini: Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Departament de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08830 Barcelona, Spain
Antonio Preti: Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10124 Turin, Italy
Maria Teresa Peñarrubia-Maria: Health Technology Assessment in Primary Care and Mental Health (PRISMA) Research Group, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Deu, 08830 St Boi de Llobregat, Spain
Marta Coromina: Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Departament de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08830 Barcelona, Spain
Belén Arranz: Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Departament de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08830 Barcelona, Spain
Elisabet Vilella: Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, 43206 Reus, Spain
Elena Rubio-Alacid: Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Departament de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08830 Barcelona, Spain
Spain Radar-Mdd: Membership of the RADAR-MDD Spain Names are provided in the Acknowledgments.
Faith Matcham: Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
Femke Lamers: Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Matthew Hotopf: Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
Brenda W. J. H. Penninx: Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Peter Annas: H. Lundbeck A/S, DK-2500 Valby, Denmark
Vaibhav Narayan: Research and Development Information Technology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ 08560, USA
Sara K. Simblett: Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
Sara Siddi: Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Departament de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08830 Barcelona, Spain
the RADAR-CNS Consortium: Available online: https://radar-cns.org/ (accessed on 8 February 2023).

IJERPH, 2023, vol. 20, issue 6, 1-15

Abstract: The present study analyzes the effects of each containment phase of the first COVID-19 wave on depression levels in a cohort of 121 adults with a history of major depressive disorder (MDD) from Catalonia recruited from 1 November 2019, to 16 October 2020. This analysis is part of the Remote Assessment of Disease and Relapse-MDD (RADAR-MDD) study. Depression was evaluated with the Patient Health Questionnaire-8 (PHQ-8), and anxiety was evaluated with the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7). Depression’s levels were explored across the phases (pre-lockdown, lockdown, and four post-lockdown phases) according to the restrictions of Spanish/Catalan governments. Then, a mixed model was fitted to estimate how depression varied over the phases. A significant rise in depression severity was found during the lockdown and phase 0 (early post-lockdown), compared with the pre-lockdown. Those with low pre-lockdown depression experienced an increase in depression severity during the “new normality”, while those with high pre-lockdown depression decreased compared with the pre-lockdown. These findings suggest that COVID-19 restrictions affected the depression level depending on their pre-lockdown depression severity. Individuals with low levels of depression are more reactive to external stimuli than those with more severe depression, so the lockdown may have worse detrimental effects on them.

Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; depression; anxiety; lockdown; quarantine; remote measurement technology; decentralized study; Spain (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
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