Self-Esteem and Occupational Factors as Predictors of the Incidence of Anxiety and Depression among Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Latvia

Laura Valaine (), Māra Grēve, Maksims Zolovs, Gunta Ancāne, Artūrs Utināns and Ģirts Briģis
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Laura Valaine: Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Riga Stradiņš University, LV-1046 Riga, Latvia
Māra Grēve: Statistics Unit, Riga Stradiņš University, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia
Maksims Zolovs: Statistics Unit, Riga Stradiņš University, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia
Gunta Ancāne: Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Riga Stradiņš University, LV-1046 Riga, Latvia
Artūrs Utināns: Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Riga Stradiņš University, LV-1046 Riga, Latvia
Ģirts Briģis: Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Riga Stradiņš University, LV-1010 Riga, Latvia

IJERPH, 2024, vol. 21, issue 1, 1-14

Abstract: The prevalence of depression and anxiety among healthcare workers (HCWs) during the COVID-19 pandemic is high. The aim of the study is to identify the importance of self-esteem and occupational factors in association with the incidence of depression and anxiety among HCWs through a longitudinal cohort study during the COVID-19 pandemic in Latvia. Participants received seven questionnaires during the COVID-19 pandemic on demographic parameters, work-related information, and contact with COVID-19 patients, and three standardized questionnaires that evaluated symptoms of anxiety (GAD-7), depression (PHQ-9), and self-esteem (Rosenberg’s self-esteem scale). The Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) was used to identify factors associated with the incidence of depression and anxiety among HCWs. A total of 322 participants were included in the data analysis for depression and 352 for anxiety. HCWs with low self-esteem were 83% more likely to experience depression and 76% more likely to experience anxiety. Working at a general practitioner practice is associated with twice the risk of developing depression and anxiety. A 31% increase in the odds of depression is observed among HCWs with direct contact with COVID-19 patients. The organizational and government levels must look for opportunities to facilitate the mental health of HCWs to ensure better-quality healthcare.

Keywords: self-esteem; occupational factors; depression; anxiety; healthcare workers; COVID-19 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2024
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