Association of School Instructional Mode with Community COVID-19 Incidence during August–December 2020 in Cuyahoga County, Ohio

Pauline D. Terebuh (), Jeffrey M. Albert, Jacqueline W. Curtis, Kurt C. Stange, Suzanne Hrusch, Kevin Brennan, Jill E. Miracle, Wail Yar, Prakash R. Ganesh, Heidi L. Gullett and Johnie Rose
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Pauline D. Terebuh: University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
Jeffrey M. Albert: School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
Jacqueline W. Curtis: School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
Kurt C. Stange: University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
Suzanne Hrusch: Cuyahoga County Board of Health, Parma, OH 44130, USA
Kevin Brennan: Cuyahoga County Board of Health, Parma, OH 44130, USA
Jill E. Miracle: University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
Wail Yar: University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
Prakash R. Ganesh: University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
Heidi L. Gullett: School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
Johnie Rose: School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA

IJERPH, 2024, vol. 21, issue 5, 1-12

Abstract: Remote and hybrid modes of instruction were employed as alternatives to in-person instruction as part of early mitigation efforts in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. We investigated the impact of a public school district’s instructional mode on cumulative incidence and transmission in the surrounding community by employing a generalized estimating equations approach to estimate the association with weekly COVID-19 case counts by zip code in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, from August to December 2020. Remote instruction only (RI) was employed by 7 of 20 school districts; 13 used some non-remote instruction (NRI) (2–15 weeks). Weekly incidence increased in all zip codes from August to peak in late fall before declining. The zip code cumulative incidence within NRI school districts was higher than in those offering only RI (risk ratio = 1.12, p = 0.01; risk difference = 519 per 100,000, 95% confidence interval (123–519)). The mean effect for NRI on emergent cases 2 weeks after mode exposure, controlling for Social Vulnerability Index (SVI), was significant only for high SVI zip codes 1.30, p < 0.001. NRI may be associated with increased community COVID-19 incidence, particularly in communities with high SVI. Vulnerable communities may need more resources to open schools safely.

Keywords: COVID-19; distance education; return to school; social determinants of health; community transmission (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2024
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