Changes in Sleep Duration and Sleep Timing in the General Population from before to during the First COVID-19 Lockdown: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Chiara Ceolin, Federica Limongi, Paola Siviero (), Caterina Trevisan, Marianna Noale, Filippo Catalani, Silvia Conti, Elisa Di Rosa, Elena Perdixi, Francesca Remelli, Federica Prinelli and Stefania Maggi
Additional contact information
Chiara Ceolin: Geriatric Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
Federica Limongi: Neuroscience Institute, Aging Branch, National Research Council, 35128 Padova, Italy
Paola Siviero: Neuroscience Institute, Aging Branch, National Research Council, 35128 Padova, Italy
Caterina Trevisan: Geriatric Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
Marianna Noale: Neuroscience Institute, Aging Branch, National Research Council, 35128 Padova, Italy
Filippo Catalani: Geriatric Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
Silvia Conti: Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, 20054 Segrate, Italy
Elisa Di Rosa: Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, 35131 Padova, Italy
Elena Perdixi: Neuropsychology Lab, Centre for Cognitive Disorders and Dementia IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy
Francesca Remelli: Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
Federica Prinelli: Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, 20054 Segrate, Italy
Stefania Maggi: Neuroscience Institute, Aging Branch, National Research Council, 35128 Padova, Italy

IJERPH, 2024, vol. 21, issue 5, 1-45

Abstract: Background: The COVID-19 lockdown had a profound effect on everyday life, including sleep health. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated changes in quantitative sleep parameters during the first lockdown compared with pre-lockdown in the general population. Methods: A search in scientific databases was performed to identify eligible observational studies from inception to 8 February 2023. We performed a random effects meta-analysis of those studies reporting (a) means of sleep duration, time in bed (TIB), and sleep timing (bedtime and wake-up time); (b) the percentages of atypical sleep duration before and during the lockdown; (c) the percentages of change in sleep duration and sleep timing. Results: A total of 154 studies were included. A small increase in sleep duration (0.25 standardized mean difference, 95% CI 0.180–0.315) was found, with 55.0% of the individuals reporting changes, predominantly an increase (35.2%). The pooled relative risk for sleeping more than 8/9 h per night was 3.31 (95% IC 2.60–4.21). There was a moderately significant delay in sleep timing and a surge in napping. Conclusion: An increase in sleep duration and napping, and delayed sleep timing were observed. High-quality studies should evaluate whether these parameters have now become chronic or have returned to pre-lockdown values.

Keywords: sleep duration; sleep timing; bedtime; wake-up time; napping; general population; COVID-19 lockdown; systematic review (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2024
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