The Association between Socioeconomic Status and Race/Ethnicity with Home Evacuation of Lower Manhattan Residents following the 9/11/2001 World Trade Center Disaster

James E. Cone (), Lucie Millien, Cristina Pollari, Jennifer Brite, Heather Badger, John Kubale, Grace Noppert, Sonia Hegde, Robert Brackbill and Mark Farfel
Additional contact information
James E. Cone: New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, World Trade Center Health Registry, New York, NY 11101, USA
Lucie Millien: New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, World Trade Center Health Registry, New York, NY 11101, USA
Cristina Pollari: New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, World Trade Center Health Registry, New York, NY 11101, USA
Jennifer Brite: New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, World Trade Center Health Registry, New York, NY 11101, USA
Heather Badger: New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, World Trade Center Health Registry, New York, NY 11101, USA
John Kubale: Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
Grace Noppert: Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
Sonia Hegde: Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
Robert Brackbill: New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, World Trade Center Health Registry, New York, NY 11101, USA
Mark Farfel: New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, World Trade Center Health Registry, New York, NY 11101, USA

IJERPH, 2024, vol. 21, issue 6, 1-8

Abstract: On 11 September 2001, attacks on the World Trade Center (WTC) killed nearly three thousand people and exposed hundreds of thousands of rescue and recovery workers, passersby, area workers, and residents to varying amounts of dust and smoke. Former New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani ordered the emergency evacuation of Lower Manhattan below Canal Street, but not all residents evacuated. Previous studies showed that those who did not evacuate had a higher incidence of newly diagnosed asthma. Among the 71,424 who enrolled in the WTC Health Registry in 2003–2004, we evaluated the bivariate association of educational attainment, household income, and race or ethnicity with reported evacuation on or after 9/11/01. We used log binomial regression to assess the relative risks of not evacuating from their home following the 9/11 attacks, adjusting for age, gender, and marital status. Out of a total of 11,871 enrollee residents of Lower Manhattan, 7345 or 61.79% reported evacuating their home on or after 9/11. In a fully adjusted model, the estimated relative risk for not evacuating was elevated for those who identified as non-Hispanic Black, Asian/Pacific Islander, and Hispanic residents compared to non-Hispanic White residents. Residents with a high school diploma/GED had an elevated estimated risk compared to those with at least a bachelor’s degree. Those with lower household incomes had an elevated estimated risk compared to those with the highest income category. These significant inequities will need to be prevented in future disasters.

Keywords: World Trade Center disaster; evacuation; socioeconomic status (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2024
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