Dietary Minerals and Incident Cardiovascular Outcomes among Never-Smokers in a Danish Case–Cohort Study

Victoria Fruh (), Tesleem Babalola, Clara Sears, Gregory A. Wellenius, Thomas F. Webster, Koren K. Mann, James Harrington, Anne Tjønneland, Ole Raaschou-Nielsen, Birgit Claus Henn and Jaymie R. Meliker
Additional contact information
Victoria Fruh: Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
Tesleem Babalola: Program in Public Health, Department of Family, Population, & Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
Clara Sears: Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
Gregory A. Wellenius: Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
Thomas F. Webster: Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
Koren K. Mann: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
James Harrington: Center for Analytical Science, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
Anne Tjønneland: Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
Ole Raaschou-Nielsen: Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
Birgit Claus Henn: Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
Jaymie R. Meliker: Program in Public Health, Department of Family, Population, & Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA

IJERPH, 2024, vol. 21, issue 7, 1-19

Abstract: Background: Diet is known to impact cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, but evidence for the essential minerals of magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and potassium (K) is inconsistent. Methods: We conducted a case–cohort study within a non-smoking subgroup of the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort, a prospective study of 50–64-year-olds recruited between 1993–1997. We identified incident heart failure (HF), acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and stroke cases through 2015 with an 1135-member subcohort. We measured the dietary intake of minerals, also known as elements, and calculated a combined dietary intake (CDI) score based on joint Ca, Mg and K intakes (mg/d) from Food Frequency Questionnaires. We estimated adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) with Cox proportional hazard models. Results: Most HRs examining associations between CDI score and CVD were null. However, the third quartile of CDI was associated with a lower risk for heart failure (HR: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.67, 1.17), AMI (HR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.60, 1.04), and stroke (HR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.44, 0.88). Conclusions: We did not find consistent evidence to suggest that higher levels of essential minerals are associated with incident HF, AMI, and stroke, though results suggest a potential U-shaped relationship between select minerals and CVD outcomes.

Keywords: elements; nutrients; minerals; dietary intake; cardiovascular disease; cardiovascular epidemiology (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2024
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