A Mixed-Methods Evaluation of a Post-COVID-Condition Rehabilitation and Recovery Intervention Delivered in a Football Club Community Trust

Steven Rimmer, Adam J. Herbert, Adam L. Kelly, Irfan Khawaja, Sam Lee and Lewis A. Gough ()
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Steven Rimmer: Human Performance and Health Laboratory, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B15 3TN, UK
Adam J. Herbert: Human Performance and Health Laboratory, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B15 3TN, UK
Adam L. Kelly: Human Performance and Health Laboratory, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B15 3TN, UK
Irfan Khawaja: Human Performance and Health Laboratory, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B15 3TN, UK
Sam Lee: Burton Albion Community Trust, Burton-Upon-Trent DE13 0AR, UK
Lewis A. Gough: Human Performance and Health Laboratory, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B15 3TN, UK

IJERPH, 2025, vol. 22, issue 11, 1-35

Abstract: Aim: Post-COVID condition (PCC) is largely considered the biggest public health emergency in recent times. The role of exercise therapy in PCC is currently unknown, and evaluative studies are currently lacking in this area. This study therefore aimed to evaluate the effects of a football club community trust exercise rehabilitation programme on physical function and quality of life in individuals with PCC. Method: A mixed-methods retrospective design was employed, utilising a framework to assess the programme’s reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance (RE-AIM). Quantitative data (questionnaires and physiological assessments) were collected at baseline, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks during the programme, and at 6 months post-intervention ( n = 7). Qualitative data were gathered through semi-structured focus groups at week 12 ( n = 7) and 12 months ( n = 5) post-intervention. Quantitative data and qualitative data were analysed using repeated measures ANOVAs and thematic analysis, respectively. Results: The programme led to significant improvements in physical function, including increased six-minute walking distance (6MWT, p < 0.001), one-minute sit-to-stand repetitions (1MSST, p < 0.035), and lung function (spirometry; MIP: p = 0.048, MEP: p = 0.024). Participants also reported enhanced QoL (HRQoL-14, p = 0.004), reduced anxiety (GAD-7, p = 0.008) and depression (PHQ-9, p = 0.008), and increased confidence and self-efficacy. The programme was well-received, with participants valuing the supportive environment and personalised approach. Conclusions: Football community trust exercise rehabilitation programmes can effectively improve physical function and quality of life in individuals with PCC, offering a promising model for community-based rehabilitation. Further studies are needed with larger sample sizes to assess the scalability of similar programmes.

Keywords: Post-COVID-Condition; exercise therapy; treatment outcome; football club community trust; quality of life; physical function; mixed methods (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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