Groundwater Contamination: Study on the Distribution and Mobility of Metals and Metalloids in Soil and Rocks

Federica Lo Medico, Pietro Rizzo (), Edoardo Rotigliano and Fulvio Celico
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Federica Lo Medico: Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy
Pietro Rizzo: Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
Edoardo Rotigliano: Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy
Fulvio Celico: Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy

IJERPH, 2025, vol. 22, issue 2, 1-18

Abstract: This study investigates the distribution and mobility of metals and metalloids (M&Ms) in soils, rocks, and groundwater within the geologically complex southwestern region of Sicily. The study aims to highlight how natural sources, like rocks and soils, can release elements potentially harmful to human health. It underlines their dual role as both natural reservoirs and active sources of M&M release, driven by leaching processes influenced by physicochemical factors such as pH and redox potential (Eh). Lithological characteristics significantly influence the retention and release of elements, with clay-rich formations exhibiting higher immobilization capacity. However, environmental parameter variations can enhance element mobilization, increasing bioavailability and the risk of groundwater contamination. Water quality analyses reveal regulatory exceedances for As, B, Ni, and Be, underscoring potential health and ecological risks. Concurrently, microbiological investigations identify diverse microbial communities capable of altering the oxidative states of specific elements through oxidation and reduction processes, further influencing their mobility. This study underscores the importance of understanding natural sources of M&Ms and their interactions with geochemical and microbiological processes for effective environmental risk assessment. The findings provide a foundation for developing integrated and sustainable water resource management strategies to mitigate contamination risks and safeguard ecosystems and public health.

Keywords: groundwater contamination; soil and rock interactions; water–rock interaction; microbial communities; leaching; metals and metalloids; toxic elements (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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