The Childhood Opportunity Index 2.0: Factor Structure in 9–10 Year Olds in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study

Julia C. Harris (), Isabelle G. Wilson, Carlos Cardenas-Iniguez, Ashley L. Watts and Krista M. Lisdahl
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Julia C. Harris: Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
Isabelle G. Wilson: Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
Carlos Cardenas-Iniguez: Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
Ashley L. Watts: Department of Psychological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
Krista M. Lisdahl: Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA

IJERPH, 2025, vol. 22, issue 2, 1-20

Abstract: The built physical and social environments are critical drivers of child neural and cognitive development. This study aimed to identify the factor structure and correlates of 29 environmental, education, and socioeconomic indicators of neighborhood resources as measured by the Child Opportunity Index 2.0 (COI 2.0) in a sample of youths aged 9–10 enrolled in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. This study used the baseline data of the ABCD Study ( n = 9767, ages 9–10). We used structural equation modeling to investigate the factor structure of neighborhood variables (e.g., indicators of neighborhood quality including access to early child education, health insurance, walkability). We externally validated these factors with measures of psychopathology, impulsivity, and behavioral activation and inhibition. Exploratory factor analyses identified four factors: Neighborhood Enrichment, Socioeconomic Attainment, Child Education, and Poverty Level. Socioeconomic Attainment and Child Education were associated with overall reduced impulsivity and the behavioral activation system, whereas increased Poverty Level was associated with increased externalizing symptoms, an increased behavioral activation system, and increased aspects of impulsivity. Distinct dimensions of neighborhood opportunity were differentially associated with aspects of psychopathology, impulsivity, and behavioral approach, suggesting that neighborhood opportunity may have a unique impact on neurodevelopment and cognition. This study can help to inform future public health efforts and policy about improving built and natural environmental structures that may aid in supporting emotional development and downstream behaviors.

Keywords: psychopathology; child opportunity index; neighborhood; adolescence (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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