Physical and Mental Health of Caregivers and Educators of Preschool-Aged Children: Identifying Benefits and Barriers to Outdoor Time, How Outdoor Time Can Make a Difference for Health Equity, and Why Income Matters

Amber L. Fyfe-Johnson (), Carolyn J. Noonan, Maria B. Butcher and Magdalena K. Haakenstad
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Amber L. Fyfe-Johnson: Institute for Research and Education to Advance Community Health, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
Carolyn J. Noonan: Institute for Research and Education to Advance Community Health, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
Maria B. Butcher: Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
Magdalena K. Haakenstad: Department of Urban Planning, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA

IJERPH, 2025, vol. 22, issue 2, 1-17

Abstract: Outdoor time is positively associated with improved physical and mental health in adults. Little is known about the specific effects of outdoor time on health outcomes for parents and educators of preschool-aged children. Early childhood is a critical window for growth and development, as parental and educator stress negatively impacts young children; thus, it is of paramount importance to systematically support parents and educators during these developmental years. The objectives of this research were to use a cross-sectional natural experiment to (1) evaluate the association between outdoor time and physical and mental health in caregivers and educators who engage with preschool-aged children; (2) evaluate the association between income and physical and mental health in caregivers and educators who engage with preschool-aged children; and (3) identify benefits and barriers of outdoor time and the importance, availability, and accessibility of community resources for outdoor time. Participants were recruited from three stakeholder groups: preschool educators, parents of children attending an outdoor preschool, and parents of preschool-aged children in the local community. Participants completed a health needs assessment ( n = 46) to assess demographics, mental and physical health outcomes, and benefits, barriers, and resources for outdoor time. Caregivers and educators in the higher income group (≥USD 70,000) were 41% (95% CI: 12%, 70%) more likely to report very good or excellent self-reported health. Mean anxiety, depression, and perceived stress were lower in the higher-income group. Caregivers and educators in the higher outdoor time group had lower body mass index (−5.5 kg/m 2 ; 95% CI: −11.6, 0.7), and outdoor time appeared to be protective for general health independent of income. Thus, outdoor time may be a critical protective factor to enhance biological resilience for caregivers and educators, especially for those facing financial adversity.

Keywords: outdoor time; early childhood; social determinants of health; financial adversity; nature; equigenic (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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