The Impact of Microplastics in Food and Drugs on Human Health: A Review of the MENA Region

Noha Alziny, Fadya M. Elgarhy, Ayan Musa Mohamed, Hager Yehia Shalaby, Noran Nounou, Omnia Soliman and Anwar Abdelnaser ()
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Noha Alziny: Institute of Global Public Health and Human Ecology, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
Fadya M. Elgarhy: Institute of Global Public Health and Human Ecology, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
Ayan Musa Mohamed: Institute of Global Public Health and Human Ecology, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
Hager Yehia Shalaby: Institute of Global Public Health and Human Ecology, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
Noran Nounou: Institute of Global Public Health and Human Ecology, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
Omnia Soliman: Institute of Global Public Health and Human Ecology, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
Anwar Abdelnaser: Institute of Global Public Health and Human Ecology, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt

IJERPH, 2025, vol. 22, issue 3, 1-20

Abstract: Microplastics (MPs), defined as plastic particles smaller than 5 mm, have emerged as a global environmental and public health crisis, infiltrating air, water, soil, and food systems worldwide. MPs originate from the breakdown of larger plastic debris, single-use plastics, and industrial processes, entering food. Emerging evidence underscores the ability of MPs to cross biological barriers, including the blood–brain barrier, triggering neuroinflammatory responses and contributing to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Polystyrene (PS), a common type of MP, activates microglial cells, releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interleukins, which increase neuronal damage. MPs have also been linked to cardiovascular diseases, with studies detecting polyethylene (PE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in carotid artery plaques, increasing the risk of myocardial infarction and stroke. Furthermore, MPs disrupt endocrine function, alter lipid metabolism, and induce gut microbiome imbalances, posing multifaceted health risks. In the MENA region, MP pollution is particularly severe, with the Mediterranean Sea receiving an estimated 570,000 tons of plastic annually, equivalent to 33,800 plastic bottles per minute. Studies in Egypt, Lebanon, and Tunisia document high MP concentrations in marine ecosystems, with herbivorous fish like Siganus rivulatus containing over 1000 MPs per individual due to the ingestion of contaminated seaweed. Despite these findings, public awareness and regulatory frameworks remain inadequate, with only 24% of Egyptians demonstrating sufficient knowledge of safe plastic use. This review emphasizes the urgent need for region-specific research, policy interventions, and public awareness campaigns to address MP pollution. Recommendations include sustainable waste management practices, the promotion of biodegradable alternatives, and enhanced monitoring systems to mitigate the health and environmental impacts of MPs in the MENA region.

Keywords: microplastic (MP); MENA; Egypt; food system; human health; public health; neuroinflammatory disorders; neurodegenerative diseases (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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