Social Determinants and Developmental Factors Influencing Suicide Risk and Self-Injury in Healthcare Contexts

Marly Johana Bahamón (), José Julián Javela, Andrea Ortega-Bechara, Shadye Matar-Khalil, Esteban Ocampo-Flórez, J Isaac Uribe-Alvarado, Andrés Cabezas-Corcione and Lorena Cudris-Torres
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Marly Johana Bahamón: Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Montería, Universidad del Sinú “Elías Bechara Zainúm”, Córdoba 230002, Colombia
José Julián Javela: Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Montería, Universidad del Sinú “Elías Bechara Zainúm”, Córdoba 230002, Colombia
Andrea Ortega-Bechara: Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Montería, Universidad del Sinú “Elías Bechara Zainúm”, Córdoba 230002, Colombia
Shadye Matar-Khalil: Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Montería, Universidad del Sinú “Elías Bechara Zainúm”, Córdoba 230002, Colombia
Esteban Ocampo-Flórez: CINDE, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia
J Isaac Uribe-Alvarado: Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico
Andrés Cabezas-Corcione: Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Montería, Universidad del Sinú “Elías Bechara Zainúm”, Córdoba 230002, Colombia
Lorena Cudris-Torres: Departamento de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia

IJERPH, 2025, vol. 22, issue 3, 1-19

Abstract: Background: Suicide is a global public health issue, particularly in low- and middle-income countries and among vulnerable groups such as adolescents. Despite increasing research efforts, understanding the psychosocial factors associated with suicidal behavior remains a challenge. This study examines family and personal histories of suicidal behavior, exposure to violence, empathy, and perceived social support in adolescents who have received healthcare services in Ecuador. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 438 adolescents aged 12 to 18 years. Participants were classified into suicide attempt survivors (AS, n = 58) and non-attempters (NAS, n = 380). A characterization questionnaire was applied (prior hospitalization for suicide attempt, family history, and survivor condition), the Alexian Brother Urge to Self-Injure scale, the Plutchik Suicide Risk Scale, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and the Cognitive and Affective Empathy Test. Results: Adolescents with a history of suicide attempts exhibited higher levels of self-injurious behavior impulse (OR = 8.90, CI 95% [4.28–18.52], p < 0.001), Gravity attempt (OR = 8.162, CI 95% [4.34–15.37], p < 0.001), and suicide risk (OR = 2.90, CI 95% [1.42–5.94], p = 0.006). A significant association was found between suicide attempts and exposure to domestic ( p = 0.000), school ( p = 0.000), and sexual violence ( p = 0.000). A family history of suicide attempts increased the likelihood of suicidal behavior in adolescents (OR = 2.40, CI 95% [1.12–5.16], p = 0.022). In contrast, perceived family support acted as a potential protective factor (OR = 0.36, CI 95% [0.15–0.91], p = 0.055). Conclusions: These findings highlight the need for prevention strategies that address social and developmental factors.

Keywords: social determinants; developmental factors; suicide risk; self-injury; social support; empathy; adolescents (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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