Sex-Specific Multimorbidity–Multibehaviour Patterns in Primary Care Populations

Konstantinos Spyropoulos (), Naomi J. Ellis and Christopher J. Gidlow
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Konstantinos Spyropoulos: Centre for Health and Development (CHAD), University of Staffordshire, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 2DF, UK
Naomi J. Ellis: Centre for Health and Development (CHAD), University of Staffordshire, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 2DF, UK
Christopher J. Gidlow: School of Medicine, Keele University, University Road, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK

IJERPH, 2025, vol. 22, issue 4, 1-24

Abstract: Background: A conceptual shift in healthcare emphasises multimorbidity and multibehaviours as interconnected phenomena, highlighting dose–response associations and sex-specific differences. Data-driven approaches have been suggested for overcoming methodological challenges, of multimorbidity research. By using exploratory factor analysis, this study aimed to identify sex specific lifestyle associative multimorbidity patterns, providing valuable evidence to primary care providers and informing future multimorbidity guidelines. Methods: A retrospective observational study examined the electronic health records of three general practices in the UK between 2015 and 2018. The participants were aged 18+ with lifestyle multimorbidity, having engaged with multiple health risk behaviours. Stratified exploratory factor analysis with oblique rotation was used to identify sex specific lifestyle associative multimorbidity patterns. Results: The study included N = 7560 patients, with females comprising 53.9%. Eight independent lifestyle associative multimorbidity patterns were identified and distributed as follows. For females, three patterns emerged: cardiometabolic–neurovascular spectrum disorders (42.97% variance), respiratory conditions (8.08%), and sensory impairment (5.63%), with 25.4% assigned to these patterns. For males, five patterns were revealed: cardiometabolic–vascular spectrum disorders (34.10%), genitourinary (9.19%), respiratory–vision (8.20%), ocular (5.70%), and neurovascular–gastro–renal syndrome (4.54%), with 43%. Conclusions: We revealed eight different sex-specific lifestyle-associated patterns, implying the need for tailored clinical approaches. The application of exploratory factor analysis yielded clinically valuable and scientifically rigorous multimorbidity patterns. Clinically, the findings advocate for a paradigm shift towards person-centred care, integrating multimorbidity and SNAP multibehaviours to enhance the complexity of inquiry and treatment of high-risk populations.

Keywords: multimorbidity; multibehaviours; exploratory factor analysis; primary care; sex-specific multimorbidity patterns (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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