The Global Burden of Periodontal Disease: A Narrative Review on Unveiling Socioeconomic and Health Challenges

Nada Tawfig Hashim (), Rasha Babiker, Vivek Padmanabhan, Azza Tagelsir Ahmed, Nallan C. S. K. Chaitanya, Riham Mohammed, Sivan Padma Priya, Ayman Ahmed, Shadi El Bahra, Md Sofiqul Islam, Bakri Gobara Gismalla and Muhammed Mustahsen Rahman
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Nada Tawfig Hashim: Department of Periodontics, RAK College of Dental Sciences, RAK Medical & Health Sciences University, Ras-AlKhaimah 12973, United Arab Emirates
Rasha Babiker: Department of Physiology, RAK College of Medical Sciences, RAK Medical & Health Sciences University, Ras-AlKhaimah 11127, United Arab Emirates
Vivek Padmanabhan: Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, RAK College of Dental Sciences, RAK Medical & Health Sciences University, Ras-AlKhaimah 12973, United Arab Emirates
Azza Tagelsir Ahmed: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
Nallan C. S. K. Chaitanya: Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, RAK College of Dental Sciences, RAK Medical & Health Sciences University, Ras-AlKhaimah 12973, United Arab Emirates
Riham Mohammed: Department Oral Surgery, RAK College of Dental Sciences, RAK Medical & Health Sciences University, Ras-AlKhaimah 12973, United Arab Emirates
Sivan Padma Priya: Department of Oral Pathology, RAK College of Dental Sciences, RAK Medical & Health Sciences University, Ras-AlKhaimah 12973, United Arab Emirates
Ayman Ahmed: Department of Periodontology and Implantology, Nile University, Khartoum 11115, Sudan
Shadi El Bahra: Department of Prosthodontics, RAK College of Dental Sciences, RAK Medical & Health Sciences University, Ras-AlKhaimah 12973, United Arab Emirates
Md Sofiqul Islam: Department of Operative Dentistry, RAK College of Dental Sciences, RAK Medical & Health Sciences University, Ras-AlKhaimah 12973, United Arab Emirates
Bakri Gobara Gismalla: Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 11115, Sudan
Muhammed Mustahsen Rahman: Department of Periodontics, RAK College of Dental Sciences, RAK Medical & Health Sciences University, Ras-AlKhaimah 12973, United Arab Emirates

IJERPH, 2025, vol. 22, issue 4, 1-35

Abstract: Periodontal disease is a prevalent chronic inflammatory condition that impacts over a billion people worldwide, leading to substantial tooth loss, reduced quality of life, and heightened systemic health risks. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence regarding the global burden of periodontal disease, its established associations with systemic conditions including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, adverse pregnancy outcomes, respiratory infections, and neurodegenerative disorders, and its significant socioeconomic implications. The review focused on the following research question: What is the global burden of periodontal disease, and how do its systemic and socioeconomic implications necessitate integrated public health strategies? A structured search of the PubMed, Scopus, and WHO databases from 2000 to 2024 was conducted to identify relevant literature using key terms, including “periodontal disease”, “global burden”, “systemic inflammation”, and “public health strategies”. Out of 312 initially identified articles, 175 satisfied the inclusion criteria for the final synthesis. The findings underscore the significance of periodontal disease as a modifiable risk factor for various noncommunicable diseases, the influence of healthcare disparities on disease progression, and the critical necessity for integrated public health strategies to mitigate the global burden of periodontal disease and its consequences. The review concludes that coordinated policy reform, health system integration, and enhanced research efforts are crucial for mitigating the global burden of periodontal disease and advancing health equity.

Keywords: periodontal disease; global health; socioeconomic impact; systemic inflammation; cardiovascular disease; diabetes mellitus; respiratory infections; adverse pregnancy outcomes; quality of life; public health strategies; oral health integration (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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