The Potential Role of Ecotoxicological Data in National Essential Medicine Lists: A Cross-Sectional Analysis

Camila Heredia, Aine Workentin, Gillian Parker and Navindra Persaud ()
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Camila Heredia: MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
Aine Workentin: MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
Gillian Parker: CHSC Student Training Program, Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3M6, Canada
Navindra Persaud: MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada

IJERPH, 2025, vol. 22, issue 4, 1-14

Abstract: Background: Medicines affect the environment throughout their lifecycle, from production and distribution to use and disposal. They contribute to the pollution of air, water, and soil, impacting ecosystems and human health. Recognizing these risks, regulatory bodies and organizations have highlighted pharmaceutical pollution as a global concern, emphasizing the need for environmental risk assessments and sustainable practices. Methods: This study reviewed the essential medicines lists (EMLs) from 158 countries and examined the available ecotoxicological data. Medicines with high bioaccumulation, persistence, and toxicity were identified and cross-referenced with their inclusion in EMLs. Additionally, we analyzed the presence of alternative medicines with similar therapeutic effects but potentially lower environmental risks. Results: Five medicines—ciprofloxacin, ethinylestradiol, levonorgestrel, ibuprofen, and sertraline—were selected as illustrative examples due to their high environmental persistence and toxicity. All were listed in the 2023 WHO model list, with ciprofloxacin appearing in 94.3% of national EMLs. Conclusions: This study underscores the limited availability of ecotoxicological data, which hinders environmental risk assessment for medicines. EMLs could serve as a tool to enhance the awareness and data mobilization of pharmaceutical pollution. Incorporating environmental criteria into EMLs could support more sustainable medicine selection and regulatory practices.

Keywords: ecotoxicity; essential medicine lists; bioaccumulation; persistence; essential medicines; environment (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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