Empowering Women, Enhancing Health: The Role of Education in Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WaSH) and Child Health Outcomes

Aminata Kilungo (), Mark Bayer, Zoe Baccam, Hamisi Malebo and Halima Alaofe
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Aminata Kilungo: Community, Environment and Policy Department, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, 1295 N. Martin Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
Mark Bayer: Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, 1295 N. Martin Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
Zoe Baccam: Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, 1295 N. Martin Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
Hamisi Malebo: National Commission for UNESCO of the United Republic of Tanzania, Dar-es-Salaam P.O. Box 20384, Tanzania
Halima Alaofe: Health Promotion Sciences Department, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, 1295 N. Martin Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA

IJERPH, 2025, vol. 22, issue 5, 1-16

Abstract: Background: Adequate water, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) are critical to maintaining good health and hygiene. However, health is a function of many health determinants, and WASH services alone may not be sufficient to improve health outcomes. Objective: To identify whether the presence of WaSH services is associated with fewer children under five years of age experiencing symptoms of diarrhea in Katoma, Geita, Tanzania. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted to collect health data, demographics, and other variables, such as WASH, food insecurity, education of the mother, vaccination data, and household income data, for 452 households with children under five. Surveys were completed in-person through interviews. Health outcome data included being sick with diarrhea or symptoms. Data analysis was performed using SAS OnDemand for Academics. Multivariate logistic regression and mixed-effects logistic regression models were employed to determine the association between the covariates and sickness of inclusion children and all the children involved in the study, respectively. Results: The findings suggest that WASH services alone do not have a significant impact on diarrhea, but other determinants of health, including the education of the mother, showed a significant impact on health outcomes among children with at least one WASH service. These demographic variables were also associated with lower food insecurity and poverty. The findings highlight the need to (1) include other covariates when analyzing WASH data to understand health outcomes; and (2) improve education attainment for women to maximize health benefits for their children.

Keywords: WaSH; socio-determinants of health; education; diarrhea; Tanzania (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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