Reducing Barriers for Best Practice in People Living with Dementia: Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Content Validity of the Brazilian Version of the Pain Assessment in Impaired Cognition (PAIC-15) Meta-Tool

Paula Schmidt Azevedo, Juli Thomaz de Souza (), Alessandro Ferrari Jacinto, Déborah Oliveira, Fania Cristina dos Santos, Marcos Ferreira Minicucci, Paulo José Fortes Villas Boas, Wilco Achterberg and Patrick Alexander Wachholz
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Paula Schmidt Azevedo: Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil
Juli Thomaz de Souza: Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil
Alessandro Ferrari Jacinto: Department of Medicine, Centro Universitário de Adamantina (FAI), Adamantina 17800-000, Brazil
Déborah Oliveira: Faculty of Nursing, Campus Viña del Mar, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar 2531015, Chile
Fania Cristina dos Santos: Department of Medicine, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04025-002, Brazil
Marcos Ferreira Minicucci: Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil
Paulo José Fortes Villas Boas: Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil
Wilco Achterberg: Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
Patrick Alexander Wachholz: Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil

IJERPH, 2025, vol. 22, issue 9, 1-15

Abstract: Background: Pain detection and management in older people with impaired cognition is an unmet need, leading to healthcare inequalities. This study aimed to enhance pain detection by translating and culturally adapting the PAIC-15 questionnaire into Brazilian Portuguese, establishing its content validity and comparing findings with a similar Dutch study. Methods: Following the same international standards used in the English-to-Dutch validation, we translated and culturally adapted PAIC-15 for Brazil. Content validity was assessed using two questions: (A) whether the item indicated pain and (B) whether it was specific to pain. An online form was distributed to ‘target users’ (nurses and geriatricians in LTCFs or other settings) and other healthcare professionals (HCPs) experienced in pain assessment in people with cognitive decline. Results were compared with the English-to-Dutch validation. Results: A total of 103 HCPs responded (mean age 45.2 ± 11.4 years)—76 (74%) were female and 54 (52%) had previously used pain assessment tools. Among the 63 target users, 13 items (87%) were validated as indicative and/or specific to pain. Comparing Brazilian and Dutch users, 10 items (67%) showed agreement on pain specificity. Conclusions: The Brazilian Portuguese PAIC-15 is now available, showing acceptable content validity. Linguistic challenges highlight the need for training and further validation in larger samples.

Keywords: impaired cognition; dementia; pain assessment; tool; Brazilian Portuguese (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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