Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Levels of Urinary Metals in the U.S. Youth and Adult Population: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2004

Patricia A. Richter, Ellen E. Bishop, Jiantong Wang and Monica H. Swahn
Additional contact information
Patricia A. Richter: Office of Smoking and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
Ellen E. Bishop: Chronic & Infectious Disease Research Program, RTI International. Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
Jiantong Wang: Chronic & Infectious Disease Research Program, RTI International. Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
Monica H. Swahn: Institute of Public Health, College of Health and Human Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA

IJERPH, 2009, vol. 6, issue 7, 1-17

Abstract: We assessed 12 urine metals in tobacco smoke-exposed and not exposed National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey participants. Our analysis included age, race/ethnicity, and poverty status. Gender and racial/ethnic differences in cadmium and lead and creatinine-adjusted and unadjusted data for group comparisons are presented. Smokers’ had higher cadmium, lead, antimony, and barium levels than nonsmokers. Highest lead levels were in the youngest subjects. Lead levels among adults with high second-hand smoke exposure equaled smokers. Older smokers had cadmium levels signaling the potential for cadmium-related toxicity. Given the potential toxicity of metals, our findings complement existing research on exposure to chemicals in tobacco smoke.

Keywords: secondhand smoke (SHS); metals; youth; lead; cadmium; race/ethnicity; tobacco smoke; smoker; toxicity (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2009
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (3)

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