The Impact of Penalty Function and Equivalence Factor on the Performance of ECMS Controller in Range Extended Electric Vehicles

Malika Keldiyarova, Umidjon Usmanov (), Sanjarbek Ruzimov and Akmal Mukhitdinov
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Malika Keldiyarova: Department of Vehicle Engineering, Tashkent State Transport University, Tashkent 100167, Uzbekistan
Umidjon Usmanov: Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy
Sanjarbek Ruzimov: Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Turin Polytechnic University in Tashkent, Tashkent 100095, Uzbekistan
Akmal Mukhitdinov: Department of Vehicle Engineering, Tashkent State Transport University, Tashkent 100167, Uzbekistan

J, 2025, vol. 8, issue 4, 1-14

Abstract: This study discusses the role of the equivalence factor and penalty function in improving the performance of energy consumption minimization strategies in Range Extended Electric Vehicles (REEVs). In conventional ECMS, equivalence factors are typically derived from constant efficiency assumptions for simplicity or adaptively adjusted according to driving conditions in adaptive ECMS. In REEVs, however, the battery efficiency exhibits nonlinear behavior in the low SOC range, which directly leads to variability in the equivalence factor within conventional ECMS. This study investigates the influence of the variable equivalence factor on the overall fuel economy. The equivalence factors are usually considered constant or vary adaptively depending on driving cycles. However, the variation in battery efficiency is often neglected. The present study compares the results obtained for both constant and variable battery efficiencies in deriving the equivalence factors. The simulation results show that an improvement of approximately 3% in fuel economy was obtained for UDDS, NEDC, and WLTC driving cycles as a result of applying the variable equivalence factor. Additionally, through an analysis of various penalty function designs, the study highlights their crucial role in optimizing fuel consumption across different driving cycles.

Keywords: REEVs; PI-controlled penalty function; exponential penalty function; proportional penalty function; equivalence factor; variable battery efficiency (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I1 I10 I12 I13 I14 I18 I19 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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