The Moderating Role of Worldwide Governance Indicators on ESG–Firm Performance Relationship: Evidence from Europe

Rezart Demiraj (), Enida Demiraj and Suzan Dsouza
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Rezart Demiraj: College of Business Administration, American University of the Middle East, Egaila 54200, Kuwait
Enida Demiraj: College of Business Administration, American University of the Middle East, Egaila 54200, Kuwait
Suzan Dsouza: College of Business Administration, American University of the Middle East, Egaila 54200, Kuwait

JRFM, 2025, vol. 18, issue 4, 1-19

Abstract: Engaging in Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) activities entails costs that influence a firm’s financial and market performance. However, it is expected that the long-term benefits of ESG engagement outweigh these costs, leading to superior performance. Despite extensive research on the ESG–performance relationship, findings remain mixed. This study examines the moderating effect of country governance, measured by the Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGIs), on the relationship between firms’ ESG scores and their financial and market performance in the European context. Using a two-stage least squares (2SLS) regression model and a dataset spanning 12 years (2011–2022) for 2083 listed European firms, we find that WGI significantly moderates the ESG–performance relationship. Our results indicate that ESG engagement alone has a negative impact on financial performance (ROA), suggesting that the costs associated with ESG investments often outweigh their short-term benefits. However, strong governance structures mitigate these costs, transforming ESG investments into value-enhancing activities. Conversely, ESG engagement positively influences market performance (Tobin’s Q), signaling long-term value to investors. Yet, in jurisdictions with strong governance frameworks, this effect diminishes, as ESG compliance becomes a baseline expectation rather than a differentiating factor.

Keywords: ESG; Worldwide Governance Indicators; financial performance; market performance; ROA; Tobin’s Q; Europe (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: C E F2 F3 G (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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