Discovery of the Earliest Rice Paddy in the Mixed Rice–Millet Farming Area of China

Xiujia Huan, Xingtao Wei, Jianping Zhang, Jindou Li, Xiaohu Zhang, Konglan Shao, Yong Ge, Xiaoyan Yang and Houyuan Lu
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Xiujia Huan: Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
Xingtao Wei: Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Heritage and Archaeology, Zhengzhou 450000, China
Jianping Zhang: Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
Jindou Li: Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Heritage and Archaeology, Zhengzhou 450000, China
Xiaohu Zhang: Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Heritage and Archaeology, Zhengzhou 450000, China
Konglan Shao: Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
Yong Ge: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Xiaoyan Yang: Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
Houyuan Lu: Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China

Land, 2022, vol. 11, issue 6, 1-13

Abstract: Neolithic rice remains were recovered from a mixed rice–millet farming area in China outside the original centers of rice farming. Whether the rice remains were the result of local cultivation or obtained through trade remains unclear. Rice paddy fields are direct evidence of local cultivation. In this study, phytolith samples from the Zhangwangzhuang site were analyzed. The discriminant function distinguished 17 of 30 samples in the suspected paddy field area as rice paddy fields with an average probability of 74%; The proportion of rice bulliform phytoliths with ≥9 scales indicated that rice ( Oryza sativa ) was still being domesticated and, moreover, six η-type phytoliths from broomcorn millet ( Panicum miliaceum ) were identified. These results suggested that the suspected paddy field at Zhangwangzhuang might be the earliest rice paddy field (ca. 6000 cal. BP) in northern China and that mixed farming was practiced here since the early Yangshao period. This study adopted discriminant analysis methods to discover ancient rice paddy fields, observed rice paddy fields outside the core rice origin area, and provided the earliest evidence regarding the development of mixed rice–millet farming in the upper Huai River region.

Keywords: phytolith; ancient rice paddy; the Zhangwangzhuang site; discriminant function; Yangshao cultural period (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q15 Q2 Q24 Q28 Q5 R14 R52 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
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