Imposing ‘Enclosed Communities’? Urban Gating of Large Housing Estates in Sweden and France

Karin Grundström () and Christine Lelévrier
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Karin Grundström: Department of Urban Studies, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden
Christine Lelévrier: School of Urban Planning, Lab’Urba, University of Paris-Est-Créteil, 94000 Créteil, France

Land, 2023, vol. 12, issue 8, 1-19

Abstract: Gated communities and gated housing enclaves have primarily been identified as elite spaces of privilege that support self-imposed disaffiliation and spatial and social withdrawal by the affluent. Over the past decade, however, European countries have also seen a rise of gating in large housing estates. Drawing on previous research and a comparative case study that includes interviews, observations, and mapping, this article analyses policies and practices of gating in large housing estates since 2010 in Malmö, Sweden and since 2000 in Paris, France. We argue, first, that gating is legitimised by policy arguments about ‘defensible space’, by a critique of the modernist design, and by a perceived need for diversification. Secondly, we expand the notion of urban gating and identify four types of enclosure: complete enclosure, semi-enclosure, enclosure through densification, and enclosure of parks and playgrounds. We conclude that the notion of the welfare state has changed, not only in financial terms but also as an urban form, leading to the micro-segregation of housing and land, which makes visible the social stratification within large housing estates. Gating of large housing estates thus leads to ‘enclosed communities’ rather than ‘gated communities’.

Keywords: gated communities; enclosure; housing estates; micro-segregation; France; Sweden; urban gating (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q15 Q2 Q24 Q28 Q5 R14 R52 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
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