Multiresource Pastoralism, Dynamic Foodways, and Ancient Statecraft in Mongolia

William Honeychurch (), Chunag Amartuvshin, Joshua Wright, Christina Carolus and Michelle Hrivnyak
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William Honeychurch: Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
Chunag Amartuvshin: Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 14200, Mongolia
Joshua Wright: Department of Archaeology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UF, UK
Christina Carolus: Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
Michelle Hrivnyak: Institute for Intercultural and Anthropological Studies, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA

Land, 2023, vol. 12, issue 9, 1-23

Abstract: Pastoral nomadic regional confederations, states, and empires have assumed a prominent place in the histories of the Eurasian steppe zone; however, anthropological theory devoted to understanding these political systems is still debated and relatively inchoate. A major question concerns the techniques of political integration that might have brought together dispersed mobile herders under the aegis of these complex, large-scale steppe polities. The first such polity in East Asia, the Xiongnu state (c. 250 BC–150 AD) of Mongolia, has been characterized as a polity built by mobile herders, but in fact the steppe populations of this period followed quite diverse lifeways. Most notably, the establishment of more permanent settlements for craft and agricultural production has complicated the typical narrative of the pastoral nomadic eastern steppe. This study considers ways to conceptualize these interesting variations in lifeway during the Xiongnu period and raises the question of how they might have promoted a novel Xiongnu political order. We analyze transformations within the Egiin Gol valley of northern Mongolia to better understand the organizational, productive, and settlement dynamics and present the first regional landscape perspective on the local transformations incurred by the creation of a Xiongnu agricultural hub. To understand these radical changes with respect to the long-term pastoral nomadic and hunting-gathering traditions of the valley’s inhabitants, Salzman’s flexibility-based model of multiresource pastoralism is of great use. Egiin Gol valley transformations indeed attest to a scale of political economy far beyond the bounds of this local area and suggest an innovative role for indigenous farming in Eurasian steppe polity building.

Keywords: Xiongnu; archaeology; GIS; pastoralism; agriculture; archaeobotany; isotopes (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q15 Q2 Q24 Q28 Q5 R14 R52 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
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