Quantifying and Mapping the Cooling Effect and Equity of Urban Parks during Extreme Heat Events in Coastal Cities

Wenru Li, Tianji Wu, Le Xuan, Keke Zhu, Lemin Yu, Yong Wang, Xuhui Wang () and Kanhua Yu
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Wenru Li: College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
Tianji Wu: College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
Le Xuan: College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
Keke Zhu: College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
Lemin Yu: School of Modern Agriculture and Environment, Weifang Institute of Technology, Weifang 261000, China
Yong Wang: School of Architecture, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
Xuhui Wang: College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
Kanhua Yu: School of Architecture, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710055, China

Land, 2024, vol. 13, issue 10, 1-23

Abstract: Urban parks are vital for mitigating high urban temperatures, yet optimizing their design for maximum cooling benefits remains a challenge. This study investigates the cooling mechanisms of 65 parks in Tianjin, assessing their characteristics and spatial equity regarding cooling capacity. Results show that 63 parks significantly lower temperatures, with an average Park Cooling Area (PCA) of 45.0 hectares, Park Cooling Efficiency (PCE) of 8.09, Park Cooling Gradient (PCG) of 16.4 °C/km, and Park Cooling Intensity (PCI) of 2.64 °C. Key factors influencing cooling effectiveness include park albedo and nearby water bodies, with optimal albedo values between 3 and 3.6, and water bodies of at least 2.5 hectares enhancing efficiency. Notably, only 38.9% of residents can easily access park cooling services. While neighborhood parks in dense urban areas provide high economic benefits, they serve fewer residents; comprehensive parks cover more people but are less accessible. This study offers new insights into the cooling effects of coastal urban parks, aiding planners in addressing marginalized residents’ needs and enhancing urban resilience amid climate change.

Keywords: urban park; cooling effect; accessibility evaluation; coastal city; urban heat island; cooling capacity bundle (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q15 Q2 Q24 Q28 Q5 R14 R52 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2024
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