Spatiotemporal Variation in Spatial Vitality Reveals Gender Differences in Park Usage: An Empirical Study from Dalian, China

Zhihan Zhang, Ying Tan (), Beixiang Shi, Yi Shi, Siming Lin, Xun Zhang, Zhonghu Zhang, Daijun Chen, Geyang Xia and Chenyang Zhang
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Zhihan Zhang: School of Architecture, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
Ying Tan: School of Architecture, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
Beixiang Shi: School of Architecture, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
Yi Shi: School of Architecture, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
Siming Lin: Research Institute of Architecture, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
Xun Zhang: School of Architecture, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
Zhonghu Zhang: School of Architecture, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
Daijun Chen: School of Architecture, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
Geyang Xia: School of Architecture, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
Chenyang Zhang: School of Architecture, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China

Land, 2025, vol. 14, issue 11, 1-24

Abstract: Based on multi-source data including mobile signaling data and remote sensing imagery, this research constructed human activity indicators and applied spatial analysis methods to identify gender-specific patterns in green space usage across different types of days. A Standardized Gender Difference Index (SDI) was developed to quantify gender-based disparities in both temporal and spatial dimensions. Correlation analysis was employed to examine spatial influencing factors and their interrelationships. The results indicate that on holidays, a stable male-dominant usage pattern was observed across all parks, with males showing a preference for cultural parks. On weekdays, although male users remain predominant overall, considerable variations exist among parks. On a daily scale, males exhibit earlier and more flexible activity patterns, whereas females demonstrate significantly lower presence during evening hours, indicating a “nocturnal poverty” phenomenon. Spatially, community parks display the greatest gender disparity, whereas comprehensive parks show relative gender balance. Although both genders value barrier-free facilities, females place additional emphasis on service facilities, while males are more influenced by mixed land-use functions surrounding the parks. This study demonstrates that high-precision, large-coverage multi-source data can accurately and dynamically identify gender-based differences in green space usage and their influencing factors, providing valuable insights for inclusive urban planning.

Keywords: urban green spaces; spatial vitality; gender differences; spatial equity (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q15 Q2 Q24 Q28 Q5 R14 R52 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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