Nonlinear Mechanisms of PM 2.5 and O 3 Response to 2D/3D Building and Green Space Patterns in Guiyang City, China

Debin Lu, Dongyang Yang, Menglin Li (), Tong Lu and Chang Han
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Debin Lu: Department of Tourism and Geography, Tongren University, Tongren 554300, China
Dongyang Yang: Key Research Institute of Yellow River Civilization and Sustainable Development & Collaborative Innovation Center on Yellow River Civilization, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
Menglin Li: Key Research Institute of Yellow River Civilization and Sustainable Development & Collaborative Innovation Center on Yellow River Civilization, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
Tong Lu: Department of Tourism and Geography, Tongren University, Tongren 554300, China
Chang Han: Department of Tourism and Geography, Tongren University, Tongren 554300, China

Land, 2025, vol. 14, issue 11, 1-22

Abstract: PM 2.5 and O 3 are now the primary air pollutants in Chinese cities and pose serious risks to human health. In particular, the two- and three-dimensional patterns of urban buildings and green spaces play a crucial role in governing the dispersion of air pollutants. Using multi-source geospatial data and 2D/3D morphology metrics, this study employs an Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) model coupled with Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) to analyze the nonlinear effects of 2D/3D landscape and green space patterns on PM 2.5 and O 3 concentrations in the central urban area of Guiyang City. The results indicate the following findings: (1) PM 2.5 exhibits a U-shaped seasonal pattern, being higher in winter and spring and lower in summer and autumn, whereas O 3 displays an inverted U-shaped pattern, being higher in spring and summer and lower in autumn and winter. (2) PM 2.5 concentrations are higher in suburban and industrial zones and lower in central residential areas, while O 3 concentrations increase from the urban core toward the suburbs. (3) MV, BSI, BSA, BEL, BD, FAR, and BV show significant positive correlations with both PM 2.5 and O 3 ( p < 0.001), whereas TH shows a significant negative correlation with PM 2.5 ( p < 0.001). (4) High-density and complex building-edge patterns intensify both PM 2.5 and O 3 pollution by hindering urban ventilation and enhancing pollutant accumulation, whereas moderate vertical heterogeneity and greater tree height effectively reduce PM 2.5 concentrations but simultaneously increase O 3 concentrations due to enhanced VOC emissions. Urban form and vegetation jointly regulate air quality, highlighting the need for integrated urban planning that balances building structures and green infrastructure. The findings of this study provide practical implications for urban design and policymaking aimed at the coordinated control of PM 2.5 and O 3 pollution through the optimization of urban morphology.

Keywords: air pollution; 2D/3D landscape pattern; nonlinear mechanisms; Guiyang city (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q15 Q2 Q24 Q28 Q5 R14 R52 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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