The New Zealand Biodiversity Factor—Residential (NZBF-R): A Tool to Rapidly Score the Relative Biodiversity Value of Urban Residential Developments

Jacqueline Theis, Christopher K. Woolley, Philip J. Seddon, Danielle F. Shanahan, Claire Freeman, Maibritt Pedersen Zari and Yolanda van Heezik ()
Additional contact information
Jacqueline Theis: Zoology Department, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
Christopher K. Woolley: Zealandia Te Māra a Tāne Centre for People and Nature, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
Philip J. Seddon: Zoology Department, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
Danielle F. Shanahan: Zealandia Te Māra a Tāne Centre for People and Nature, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
Claire Freeman: Wellington School of Architecture, Wellington Faculty of Architecture and Design Innovation, Te Herenga Waka Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6011, New Zealand
Maibritt Pedersen Zari: School of Future Environments, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
Yolanda van Heezik: Zoology Department, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand

Land, 2025, vol. 14, issue 3, 1-32

Abstract: The loss of biodiversity in urban residential areas that are densifying in response to increasing housing demand has serious implications for urban ecosystem functioning and human wellbeing. There is an urgent need for integrating biodiversity-sensitive design into urban planning and development. While several existing “Green Factor” tools guide greening strategies in cities, none have biodiversity as their primary focus. We describe here a tool that specifically evaluates biodiversity in residential developments, with a particular emphasis on supporting native biodiversity. The NZBF-R (New Zealand Biodiversity Factor—Residential) also educates users through embedded explanations on how various design features positively impact biodiversity and it provides tailored recommendations for effective biodiversity enhancement, enabling urban professionals to make informed landscape design decisions. Developed through literature review, analyses of existing Green Factor tools, and a robust weighting process, the NZBF-R identifies and ranks characteristics that support urban biodiversity, based on evidence from the scientific literature. We demonstrate the application of the NZBF-R on one case study. The NZBF-R can be applied across the planning, design, and retrofitting stages of urban residential projects, making it a valuable resource for urban planners and designers.

Keywords: biodiversity assessment; green area factor; residential development; urban development; urban vegetation (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q15 Q2 Q24 Q28 Q5 R14 R52 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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