Integrating Blue–Green Infrastructure with Gray Infrastructure for Climate-Resilient Surface Water Flood Management in the Plain River Networks

Liqing Zhu, Chi Gao (), Mianzhi Wu and Ruiming Zhu
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Liqing Zhu: Department of Landscape Architecture, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Chi Gao: Department of Landscape Architecture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
Mianzhi Wu: Department of Landscape Architecture, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Ruiming Zhu: Department of Computer Science, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60647, USA

Land, 2025, vol. 14, issue 3, 1-29

Abstract: Along with the progression of globalized climate change, flooding has become a significant challenge in low-lying plain river network regions, where urban areas face increasing vulnerability to extreme climate events. This study explores climate-adaptive land use strategies by coupling blue–green infrastructure (BGI) with conventional gray infrastructure, forming blue–green–gray infrastructure (BGGI), to enhance flood resilience at localized and regional scales. By integrating nature-based solutions with engineered systems, this approach focuses on flood mitigation, environmental co-benefits, and adaptive land-use planning. Using the Minhang District in Shanghai as a case study, the research employs geospatial information system (GIS) analysis, hydrological modeling, and scenario-based assessments to evaluate the performance of BGGI systems under projected climate scenarios for the years 2030, 2050, and 2100. The results highlight that coupled BGGI systems significantly improve flood storage and retention capacity, mitigate risks, and provide ecological and social benefits. Water surface-to-catchment area ratios were optimized for primary and secondary catchment areas, with specific increases required in high-risk zones to meet future flood scenarios. Ecological zones exhibited greater adaptability, while urban and industrial areas required targeted interventions. Scenario-based modeling for 2030, 2050, and 2100 demonstrated the scalability, feasibility, and cost-effectiveness of BGI in adapting to climate-induced flooding. The findings contribute to the existing literature on urban flood management, offering a framework for climate-adaptive planning and resilience building with broader implications for sustainable urban development. This research supports the formulation of comprehensive flood management strategies that align with global sustainability objectives and urban resilience frameworks.

Keywords: climate-adaptive strategies; land use; blue–green–gray infrastructure; GIS analysis; hydrological modeling; scenario-based assessments; flood resilience (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q15 Q2 Q24 Q28 Q5 R14 R52 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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