Growing Season Normalized Difference Vegetation Index in the Nepal Himalaya and Adjacent Areas, 2000–2019: Sensitivity to Climate Change and Terrain Factors

Mst Umme Salma Nila (), Maria Bobrowski and Udo Schickhoff
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Mst Umme Salma Nila: CEN Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability, Institute of Geography, University of Hamburg, Bundesstr. 55, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
Maria Bobrowski: CEN Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability, Institute of Geography, University of Hamburg, Bundesstr. 55, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
Udo Schickhoff: CEN Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability, Institute of Geography, University of Hamburg, Bundesstr. 55, 20146 Hamburg, Germany

Land, 2025, vol. 14, issue 4, 1-31

Abstract: Precisely detecting and attributing changes in vegetation greenness is crucial for sustainable ecosystem management. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) is highly responsive to changes in vegetation cover and is essential for assessing vegetation dynamics. This study integrates a digital elevation model (DEM) with climate data (temperature, precipitation, evapotranspiration, and solar radiation) and MODIS-NDVI imagery (2000–2019) to investigate NDVI fluctuations and their correlation with climate change in the central Himalaya. Trend analysis of NDVI time-series data examined vegetation response influenced by elevation, aspect, and slope. The results revealed significant spatial and temporal NDVI variations, with an overall increase of 0.01 per decade ( p < 0.05), indicating gradual vegetation improvement, though 26.3% of the area (107,138 km 2 ) showed a decreasing trend. NDVI trends increased with elevation, peaking at 2000–2500 m, and then declined up to 4000 m, where they stabilized. While trends varied across slopes, they were independent of the aspect. Spearman correlation analysis revealed elevation-dependent vegetation responses to climate. Below 1000 masl, the NDVI was negatively correlated with temperature and evapotranspiration and positively with precipitation. At higher elevations (>4000 masl), temperature and evapotranspiration positively correlated with the NDVI, suggesting warming supports growth. These findings highlight complex interactions between vegetation, climate, and topography that are crucial for targeted ecosystem management.

Keywords: central Himalaya; climate change; growing season NDVI; remote sensing; topography (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q15 Q2 Q24 Q28 Q5 R14 R52 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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