Supply–Demand Spatial Patterns of Cultural Services in Urban Green Spaces: A Case Study of Nanjing, China

Qinghai Zhang (), Ruijie Jiang, Xin Jiang, Yongjun Li, Xin Cong and Xing Xiong
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Qinghai Zhang: College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
Ruijie Jiang: College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
Xin Jiang: College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
Yongjun Li: College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
Xin Cong: College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
Xing Xiong: College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China

Land, 2025, vol. 14, issue 5, 1-23

Abstract: Amid rapid urbanization, cities are becoming increasingly compact, leading to intensified land resource constraints and environmental pressures. As a result, urban parks and green spaces have emerged as critical areas for providing cultural ecosystem services (CESs). However, the spatial distribution of CES supply and demand within urban green spaces remains significantly unbalanced, necessitating precise identification and quantification of CES supply–demand patterns to enhance ecosystem service efficiency. This study uses Nanjing, China, as a case study to develop an indicator framework for urban green space CES supply and demand, leveraging multi-source data. By employing spatial autocorrelation analysis (Bivariate Moran’s I) and a coupling coordination model, this research systematically assesses the spatial patterns of CESs in urban parks and green spaces. The results indicate that the overall CES supply–demand coordination in Nanjing exhibits a “high in the city center, low at the edges, and mismatched in the suburbs” pattern. Specifically, while 9.71% of the areas demonstrate well-matched CES supply and demand, 4.14% of the areas experience insufficient CES demand, and 3.66% face CES supply shortages, primarily in the urban outskirts, leading to a mismatch in green space distribution. This study further reveals the spatial heterogeneity of CES supply–demand matching across different urban districts. Based on these findings, this research proposes optimization strategies to improve CES allocation, providing a scientific basis for urban green space ecosystem service management and promoting the sustainable development of cities.

Keywords: cultural ecosystem services; urban green spaces; supply–demand coupling; spatial distribution characteristics (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q15 Q2 Q24 Q28 Q5 R14 R52 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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